Using virtual manipulatives for 10-frame lessons with primary students: an in-depth educational study

This mixed methodology case study focused on the use of virtual manipulatives and technology in Grade 1 and Grade 2 number sense. This descriptive study examined the effectiveness of applet 10-frame lessons by comparing their use to other models. Data were collected from interviews, transcripts, checklists, and journal entries. Information revealed the number of times models were used and on students' attitudes and behaviours while using them. Student behaviours included time on task, repeated practice, the number of times students needed help, and how long it took to complete the tasks. Academic growths were measured using pre- and post-assessments and performance tasks rubrics. Students' attitudes towards the use of technology, specifically netbooks and an interactive whiteboard were analyzed and presented. The results of this study suggest that the applet models can be as effective as their concrete counterparts, and the students in this study enjoyed using technology while learning mathematics. --Leaf ii.