Bioenergy production using woody biomass is a fast developing application since this fuel source is considered to be carbon neutral. The harnessing of bioenergy from these sources produces residue in the form of ash. As the demand for bioenergy production increases, ash and residue volumes will increase. Major concerns arising from the management of this byproduct include: storage availability, usage, product disposal and the implications of the presence of unburned carbon. This research studies various ash types, identifying specific fractions of technological, environmental and economic viability. Fractions of energy importance, inorganic distribution and catalytic properties of specific ash types are investigated. Ash from three systems were investigated, an industrial boiler, a fixed bed updraft gasifier and a wood pellet burner. Analyses of the boiler ash included particle fractionation, proximate and ultimate analysis, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and bulk density. Samples were separated into various fractions based on particle sizes. The fixed carbon in the as-received boiler ash samples was 30 and 50 % and the higher heating value (HHV) ranged from 5 - 25 MJ/kg of the different fractions. 68 % or more of the energy could be recovered in fractions ≥ 425 μm. High carbon ash was successfully gasified in a fluidized bed reactor at low temperatures and atmospheric pressure. The pH of the as received samples for the gasifier, boiler and pellet burner were 10.36, 12.49 and 13.46, respectively. Ni with a concentration of 229 mg/kg in the pellet burner ash, exceeded the maximum limit for soil amendments (in British Columbia, Canada) within the particle size fraction ≥ 850 μm but <2000. All samples were significantly enriched in both Ca (50-61 %) and K (10-26 %). Wood ash derived catalyst obtained from a gasifier and a wood pellet burner influenced gasification reactivity. The pellet burner ash was a more effective catalyst than the gasifier a
Canfor Pulp Ltd. produces bleached and unbleached softwood Kraft Pulp and Paper products at mills located in Prince George British Columbia. They burn biomass to generate energy, and they produce ash as a by-product. Due to the changing nature of the business, the amount of waste ash produced by Canfor Pulp has increased significantly over the last 10 years - using conservative estimates, by at least 100%. This project examined the options available for beneficial reuse of the ash, measured them against defined criteria in order to select preferred options and then and evaluated the viability of those options for the diversion and sale of this ash. It was determined that use of the ash as an agricultural supplement presents a viable market for the ash. Market size and price are not barriers to enter into this market. Other markets, such as mine reclamation, and petroleum site reclamation may also be viable outlets for the ash, pending the outcome of further financial analysis. --Leaf 1.
