NORTHERN INTERIOR
FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION

REPORT
P R E L IMINARY INVESTIGATIONS 1924

P.M. B A R R

FOREST SERVICE
TRAINING SCHOOL

B R IT IS H C O L U M B I A FOREST SERVICE

K'.INISTRY Or
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m iN C E GEOR&E. B.C .
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VICTORIA. B c... September..IQ, 1924*-..FOREST BRANCH

*^e Chief Pbreeter,
Tlotorie, B.C.
S in
I beg to submit herewith a b rief reoort o f the
prelltBlnary Inrestlgatlone undertaken during the paet
ffunraer In connection ?rith the eetabl 1ahmont o f the
lorthem Interior Forest Srperlnent Station.
has not been possible to loake a careful study
any o f the problems which are outlined In this reoort
and any sug^stlons made In connection with them are
tentative In nature and subject to.change In the ligh t o f
further study and experience.

Junior Forester
northern Interior
Forest Experiment Station*

KmsaiT

lyrsRivi

aatxart of

Prallnlnanr InTaatlT^tlonf
1924

— P. M, Barr —

1,

Work done during the summer o f 1924
a) Travel and reconnaissanoe
h] Establishment o f o f f !
o ; Contact with op erators and Forest Branch s t a f f *
d) Eeproduotive s t u d ie s .
e) C o-op eration , l i t e r a t u r e and oorr

2*

Forest o o n d itlo n s in the area
a) ^rea included*
b ) Forest types in the Northern I n t e r i o r .
c ) B e s o r ip tio n o f types
1. Ooourrenoe and d i s t r i b u t i o n .
2* Species in mixture*
3*
S oil
4. Ground oover and underbrush*
5 . Reproduction; s p e c i e s , age, ooourrenoe
abundance•
6* Diseases and I n f e s t a t i o n s .
hats o f growth.
U t i l i z a t i o n , i t s e f f e c t s and waste*
9 . Futui e o f the type
10* Management

f''

3 . Work o f the S ta tio n .
Organization, ( t ) . Experiment S ta tio n .
b ; Aieza Lake Forest Reserve*
0 } Other areas.
d) General
(a ) Experiment Station*
S e le o tlo n o f s i t e .
Buildings and equipment.
Personnel*
Work to be undertaken.
At the Station*
l.Ie te o ro lo g y .
2 *Nursery work*
3«Seed t e s t i n g .
4 . Sowing and p la n tin g .
5 «Seedllni 2r establishment.
6 . S o i l examination.
7 « 0 f f l c e and Laboratory.
8 .E x o t ic s p e o ie s .
In the f i e l d *
l.U ia •r lb u t lo n o f s p e c ie s and typ
2 .^»rowth, volume and y i e l d
3 . Cutting methods.
Thinnings
5 «-2*cology
6 .Primeval stand
. S i t e s t u d ie s .
A f f e c t o f s i t e on wood q u a l i t i
9 . Seed dissemination and g e rm ire tio n
1 0 .Fire resear
Slash di sposal
1 2 .Cooperation with compani
13.Mehtods o f in c r e a s in g p r o d u c i v i t y .
endrology
15«Pathology
1^

(b ) Aleza LakeinForeat Reserve
Survey
Map and cru ise
cperimental cu ttin g
( c ) Other areas* _
Small reserves in other types f o r experimental
c u ttin g
Sample p l o t s .
(d) General.
o f workine- plans
IfV ib lic ity and Educational*

NORTHERN INTERIOR
FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION
REPORT

(l)

WORK DONE DURING
My i n s t r u c t i o n e upon appointment were to spend

the summer in the Northern I n t e r i o r , to become faraili
with the f o r e s t c o n d itio n s and problems there, and to
meet the Forest Branch s t a f f and the o p era tors in f o r e s t
in dustries.

All t h i s was to be done with a view to raak

ing plans f o r the establishment o f a f o r e s t experiment
s t a t io n in the d i s t r i c t .
Through the a s s is ta n c e o f the D i s t r i c t Forester
in Prince George, I secured an o f f i c e in the P r o v in c ia l
Government Buildings there, which served as a convenient
headquarters f o r the season.
I t was not p o s s i b l e to examine the whole region
in even gin extensive manner.

The problems appeared to be

most pressing In the v a lle y o f the Upper Fraser and most
o f the season was spent th ere;

short t r i p s were made In

the watersheds o f the Nechako and Upper Skeena to observe
the general nature o f the f o r e s t s .

During the f i e l d

t r i p s throughout the region , notes were taken o f the
timber types encountered, and o f the s p e c i e s , reproduct­
i o n , underbrush, s o i l , ground cover, e t c . , in each type.

z

I met most o f the f i e l d men o f the Branch in
the Fort George Forest D i s t r i c t , and several o f those in
the parts o f the Prince Rupert and Cariboo D i a t r i c t s
which w i l l eventually l i e within the J u r i s d i c t i o n o f the
Northern I n t e r i o r S ta tio n .

I spent several days in the

woods with most o f the Rangers I met, in connection with
t h e i r routine d u t ie s , and dlscusaed i n v e s t i g a t i v e work
with them in a general way, securing t h e i r ob serv a tion s
on the f o r e s t problems o f t h e i r own d i s t r i c t s , and
noting t h e i r ocn clu slon s and advice.

I a lso met most o f

the mill-men In the Upper Fraser country, and discussed
the establishment o f the Experiment Station with them.
The a t t it u d e o f almost everyone in the d i s t r i c t i s very
fa vora ble towards the s t a r t in g o f i n v e s t i g a t i v e work in
the Northern I n t e r i o r .

The opinions o f l o g g e r s , m ill

men, s e t t l e r s , and f o r e s t o f f i c e r s are n a tu ra lly
c o n f l i c t i n g in regard to d e t a i l s o f f o r e s t p o l i c y , but
a l l agree that research work should be s t a r t e d , and an
attempt made to deal with the problems o f re f o r e s t a t l o n
and slash d i s p o s a l .
Some preliminary reprodu ctive stu d ies were
made.

I t i s necessary to have some s t a t i s t i c a l data

before d e f i n i t e co n clu sio n s can be drawn in regard to
co n d itio n s in the f o r e s t , and a two-man party was organ
ized to make counts o f the number o f t r e e s o f each

speclee and o f a l l ages on re p re s e n ta tiv e p l o t s In the
spruce stands o f the Upper Fraser.

The work o f the party

was c a r r ie d on in the woods near Gisoome, Hansard,
Longworth, and Aleza Lake.

A ccpy o f t h e i r i n s t r u c t i o n e ,

which eufnirarizes the d e t a i l s o f the work, with a summary
o f the r e s u lt s ob ta in ed , i s included in the appendix to
th is r e p o r t.

Age counts were also made o f stumps o f

mature spruce, and o f balsam and spruce reprodu ction , to
secure data on age c l a s s e s , and in regard to the estab­
lishment, rate o f growth, and suppression o f the understory o f reproduction in the mature stand.
In the work o f the S ta tio n , the study and
c o r r e l a t i o n o f research l i t e r a t u r e w i l l play an important
p a rt.

A s t a r t was made t h i s Summer by g e t t i n g i n t o touch

wi t h

a number o f the more important sources o f p u b lic a t io n s

which may be o f value.

Contact was a lso e s ta b lis h e d with

o th e r research o rg a n iz a tio n s and experiment s t a t i o n s .

A

l i s t o f the l i t e r a t u r e obtained and c o p ie s o f l e t t e r s
received from o rg a n iz a tio n s o f f e r i n g to c o -o p e r a t e with the
work o f the Northern I n t e r i o r Station are in clu d ed in the
appendix.

(2)
( a)

FX)REST g;NDITIONS IN THE NORTHERN INTERIOR
Area Included In Inve s t i g a t i o n s .
The i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f the Northern I n t e r i o r

Forest Experiment Station should cover the areas drained
by:
(1)

The Fraser River above i t s con flu en ce with,
and In clu d in g , the Quesnel R1ver.

( 2)

The northern portion s o f the Canoe and
North Thompson Rivers.

(3)

The Skeena above Hazel ton.

Further examination may show the a d v i s a b i l i t y o f work on
the Fraser below Quesnel, on the Skeena west o f Hazelton,
and in the watershed o f the Peace River.

In the meantime

there i s an unlimited f i e l d o f research in the region
o u t lin e d above, and the whole forme a f a i r l y d e f i n i t e unit
from the point o f view o f f o r e s t types.

Logging i s ca rrie d

on west o f Hazelton, but the c o n d it io n s begin to be more
t y p ic a l o f those o f the Coast.

I t i s u n lik e ly that there

w i l l be much u t i l i z a t i o n o f f o r e s t resou rces o f the Peace
in the near fu tu r e .

I t w i l l be unwise tc attempt to d efin e

r i g i d boundaries f o r the area in which i n v e s t i g a t i o n vrill
be c a r r ie d on.

As problems a r i s e throughout the Northern

I n t e r i o r , they should be examined by the D ir e c t o r o f the
S tation , with regard to t h e i r r e l a t i v e importance and
urgency, and passed on to the ce n tr a l Research Committee
with recommendations f o r t h e i r i n c l u s i o n , o r otherw ise, in

the work o f the Station as the program o f research i s
b u i l t up and the various p r o j e c t s are undertaken and
correlated.
The success o f the Station w ill depend, not
upon the extent o f the area covered, but upon the
s e l e c t i o n o f problems which are o f fundamental Import
ance.
(b)

FOREST TYPES IN THE NORTHERN INTERIOR
The f i r s t c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f the f o r e s t s o f the

North i s , n a t u r a lly , i n t o • t y p e s .’'

The accurate com

p le tio n o f such a c l a s s i f i c a t i o n w ill be one o f the f i r s t
problems o f the Northern I n t e r i o r Forest Experiment
S ta tion .

The f o r e s t s contain a reasonably smal] number

o f d e f i n i t e forme o f tr e e a s s o c i a t i o n s , which may be
l i s t e d in order o f o ccu rren ce, as:
Spruce Balsam.................... mainly in Upper Fraser.
Lodgepole Pine
”
• Nechako
Old Cedar-Hemlock-Fir.. ”
• Quesnel and Upper
Fraser.
Mixed mature Spru
Hemlock-Flr-Balsamfound mainly in Quesnel and
Cedar-Pine...........................Skeena.
The f o ll o w i n g a s s o c i a t i o n s are found to a l e s s extent
Muskeg Lodgepole Pine Type, in Upper Fraser.
L.P. Pine-Spruce, in Nechako and Skeena.
Spruce Type in the Nechako.
Pure Balsam.
Douglas F ir (second growth).
Aspen and Cottonwood.

r

All these types may be found in each o f four o o n d itlo n s :
1)
2)
5j
4}

Undisturbed green timber.
Burned v irg in stands.
Logged and unburned.
Burned a f t e r lo g g in g .
In attempting to c l a s s i f y the types o r tree

a s s o c i a t i o n s found in the North, the problem must be
regarded from two points o f view.

We may use the nature

o f the e x i s t i n g crop o f timber as a c r i t e r i o n o f type,
and from i t s com position, by age c l a s s e s , and varying
proportions o f d i f f e r e n t s p e c i e s , assign i t to i t s proper
place in our system o f c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , o r we may analyze
the environmental f a c t o r s o f the s i t e ,

temperature,

m oisture, wind, s o i l , and l i g h t , and from a study o f these
f a c t o r s and t h e i r e f f e c t upon the n a tiv e t r e e s p e c ie s .
a r r iv e at the nature o f the f o r e s t which should be on the
ground.

We can c a l l t h is the permanent type;

removed from the s i t e by a ccid en ts]

i t may be

causes, such as f i r e ,

i n s e c t i n f e s t a t i o n s , o r le g g in g , o r i t may be replaced by
another type in the natural trend o f the l i f e o f the
forest.

In e i t h e r case the o r i g i n a l type may o r may not
*

fin d i t s way back again, n a t u r a lly , o r as the r e s u l t o f
d istu rb in g f a c t o r s o f f i r e o r oth er damage.
In our type c l a s s i f i c a t i o n then, we can, f o r any
area, determine the permanent type o r the actual a s s o c ia t io n
on the ground.

For purposes o f f o r e s t re g u la tio n the l a t t e r

i s the more important.

The i n v e s t i g a t o r i s not concerned so

much with what wil3 n a tu ra lly grow on the s i t e i f i t i s
l e f t e n t i r e l y to the e f f e c t o f natural I n flu e n c e s .

His

problem i s to do the best he can with what he has, under
e x i s t i n g c o n d it io n s .

For in sta n ce , in the Upper Fraser,

markets requ ire that Spruce should be removed and Balsam
l e f t on the ground.

Most o f the reproduction i s Balsam.

Research has to d is c o v e r what i s the best thing to do
with such c o n d it io n s , and how the next crop may contain
as much Spruce as p o s s i b l e , and as l i t t l e Balsam.

It is

p o s s i b l e that the permanent type o f the area may have
been n e it h e r Spruce nor Balsam.
(o)

D escription o -f . Types .
1. Spruce-Eal sam.
This type i s widely d i s t r i b u t e d throughout the

watersheds o f the Upper Fraser, the Nechako, and the
Quesnel Rivers.

I t reaches i t s t e s t development in the

v a lle y o f the Fraser between Prince George and McBride
where i t forms the most Important economic f o r e s t u n it
in the Northern I n t e r i o r .

The type reaches i t s b est

development on the f l a t s and low benches along the r i v e r .
% IT

o re e x te n siv e stands o f l e s s volume per u n it area

occupy the low h i l l s in the m .der parts o f the v a l l e y ,
and the lower slop es o f trib u ta ry streams.

On the upper

elopes and narrow s id e v a lle y s the q u a lity o f the type i s
g re a tly i n f e r i o r to that found on the lower l e v e l s .
good stands, not very la r g e in area, are found in the

Some

te e in e o f the Quesnel and the lower Nechako.
The two p r in c ip a l s p e c ie s In the type are Spruce
and Balsam (Abies l a s i o c a r p a ) .

The Spruce in clu d e s three

s p e c i e s , P. canadensis (P. g la u c a ), P. engelmannl, and to
a l e s s extent P. marlana.

The f i r s t two comprise p o s s ib ly

n in e -te n th s o r more o f the s p e c i e s .

The proportion o f the

oth er two in the t o t a l has not been determined, and a study
o f the c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , h a b it, and occu rren ce o f the
d i f f e r e n t sp eoies o f Spruce in the Northern I n t e r i o r should
be made by the S ta tio n .

There does not seem tc be any

important d i f f e r e n c e in the q u a lity o f the wood o f the
*

, three, o r in the rate o f growth o r development o f the
t r e e , but there may be important d i f f e r e n c e s in the
s i l v i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f the s p e c i e s , which may be o f
use in working out the s i l v i c u l t u r a l system which w i l l be
p r a c tis e d in the area in the fu tu re .

The ta b le s on

Page S'S contain a summary o f the r e s u lt s obtained from a
study o f age c l a s s e s in Spruce.

\o

The s p e c ie s in the type occu r in the fo llo w in g
p ro p o rtio n s :
Mature
e ” DBH and
over
Spruce
Balsam
F ir
Hemlock
Cedar

Poles
4" - 8 ”
DBH

Reproduction
Under 4”
DBH

32.8%
58.01
64.6
40.0
0.6
1.6
1.0
0 .0
1.0
0 .4
(P ro p o rtio n s by number o f tre e s )
Eased on counts on 07 p l o t s .

14.2%
81.4
0.1
0 .2
4.1

Scattered overmature Douglas F ir t r e e s are
found throughout the type.

These veterans are appar

en tly the su rvivors o f an o l d e r stand in which there may
have been a l a r g e r proportion o f f i r than i s present in
the Spruce Balsam a s s o c ia t io n now on the ground.

The

lumber produced by these tre e s i s very d e f e c t i v e , and
some o f the o p e ra to rs have discontinued taking out the
sca tte red f i r along with the more valuable Spruce when
they are lo g g in g the type.

The tr e e s are mostly from

450 to 500 years o l d , and range from 30 inches upward
in diameter.
The Hemlock (T. h e te ro p h y lla ) and Cedar occu r
as s ca tte re d stunted t r e e s .

S o il
The s o i l in t h i s area i s f a i r l y uniform in
nature, f r e e from rock and g r a v e l;

the main co n stitu en t

may be sand, s i l t or c la y , but the former i s so f i n e as to

grade in to s i l t ,

and the clay i s l i g h t , and usually

contains some s i l t .

These three c o n s titu e n t s are found

in varying p ro p o rtio n s, but always forming a f a i r l y
compact, f i n e , smooth mixture o f even c o l o r and con­
sistency,

The l a y e r o f su rface humus i s t h in , ra rely

more than four inches in depth and there i s a remarkable
sharpness in the gradation from the la y e r o f vegetable
matter to the pure rpineral s o i l , with a very small amount
o f the l a t t e r stained by decaying humus.

There i s almost

a t o t a l absence o f an interm ediate stage between the
vegetable and mineral s o i l s .

The humus, although shallow.

i s compact in nature, having the s u c c e s s iv e la y e r s o f
le a v e s , twigs and moss packed t i g h t l y togeth er by the
weight o f the snow during the Winter, and forming a
c a r p e t - ] l k e cover on the s u b s o i l , i n t e r l a c e d by the ro o ts
o f the underbrush and rep rod u ction .
The s o i l f a c t o r i s one o f the most important in
the l i f e o f t h is type.

Before the natural l i f e h i s t o r y o f

the type can be understood, the ch a ra cter o f the s o i l must
be a ccu ra tely determined and the e f f e c t s o f i t s composition,
temperature, m oisture, and s tru ctu re upon the s p e c ie s in
the type must be i s o l a t e d .
Ground Cover
The underbrush and vegetation in the Spruce
Balsam type i s d i f f i c u l t to understand.

Under what are

apparently I d e n t i c a l c o n d itio n s the nature o f the ground

cover w i l l in c lu d e a wide range o f v a r i a t io n s .

A dense

growth o f d e v i l s c l u b and thlmbleberry w i l l change in a
d ista n ce o f a few yards to an area having a t o t a l absence
o f underbrush, with a l i g h t ground cover o f moss.

There

seems to be a d e l i c a t e balance in the f o r e s t community.
and the nature o f the underbrush, as well as the repro
duotion and mature timber, can be a f f e c t e d and perhaps
t o t a l l y a lte r e d by a change in the r e l a t i v e value o f the
e c o l o g i c a l f a c t o r s which i s im p e rce p tib le to the observer.
There appear to be d e f i n i t e r e l a t i o n s between the nature
o f the ground cover and the reprod u ction .

For in s ta n ce .

balsam reproduction i s very p l e n t i f u l i f d e v i l s c l u b i s
absent, though i t i s not c l e a r which o f these i s the causal
factor.
Reproduc tion
The reproduction e x i s t s in the fo llo w in g
p ro p o rtio n s :

j 14.2%
j 81.4%
0.1% ) by numbers o f t r e e s .
0.2%
4.1%

Spruce
Balsam
F ir
Hemlock
Cedar

I t w i l l be seen that although the spruce
predominates over the Balsam in the mature s i z e s ,
(see P.>^. .)

(58% - 40%), there i s very l i t t l e o f t h is

sp e cie s in the rep rod u ction .
acre i s as f o l l o w s :

The numbers o f tr e e s per

Mature
6 4 .3
44.3

Spruce
Balsam

Poles
31.6
62.2

Reproduction
126.2
725.9

I t w i l l a lso be noted that even though the balsam pre
dominates in the young understory, there i s s t i ] 3
i n s u f f i c i e n t reproduction to insure complete r e s to c k in g .
Both the Spruce and Balsam are badly suppressed
On Page^.K w i l l be found a summary o f the r e s u l t s o f the
age counts o f reproduction o f both s p e c i e s .

Few seedlin gs

are found, the youngest specimens being from twenty to
t h i r t y years o l d .
not uniform.

The occurrence o f the reproduction i s
in

Spruce i s found^scattered clumps where s o i l

c o n d it io n s have apparently teen s a t i s f a c t o r y f o r the
establishment o f the young s e e d lin g s , while Balsam occu rs
more g en erally but i s extremely I r r e g u l a r in d e n s ity .
The establishment o f the Spruce se e d lin g s seems
to be prevented by several f a c t o r s .

Of these, the dense

la y e r o f humus on the su rface o f the mineral s o i l i s
probably the most important.

The i n a b i l i t y o f Spruce o f

a l l s p e c ie s to reproduce s a t i s f a c t o r i l y in humus has been
discussed by a number o f a u t h o r i t i e s ,

(See ’’ The Red

Spruce, I t s Growth and Management,” L.S. Murphy, U.S.D.A
Bui. 544:

” The Spruce and

sam F ir .Trees o f the Rocky

Mountain R egion,* Sudworth, U.S.D.A. Bui. 327;

” Forest

Reseerch in Southern Appalachians,” Frotherlngham,
Southern Lumberman, Dec. 1922;
Bui. 5 5 ).

” Ealsam F i r , ” Zon, U.S.D.A

Moisture i s e s s e n t ia l f o r Spruce s e e d lin g s .

In

the Spring o r Fall there w i l l be enough water in the humue
to oause germination o f the eeeda, but during the Summer
the la y e r o f vegetation w ill dry out under the in flu e n c e s
o f wind, temperature and humidity, causing the young plants
to d ie o f drought.

Root development i s not as vigorous in

Spruce as in Balsam, and the tough l a y e r o f moss, le a v e s .
and needles on the su rfa ce o f the mineral s o i l prevents the
r o o ts o f the young seed lin g from penetrating down to the
mineral s o i l in search o f the necessary moisture when the
upper m aterial has dried o u t.

In the Fraser Spruce-Balsam

type the tough humue l a y e r i s very wet in the Spring and
a f f o r d s every opportunity f o r seed germination then, and to
a l e e s extent in the’ F a l l .

Evaporation o f su rfa ce moisture

i s rapid in the early Summer and the l i t t e r i s q u ite dry
a f t e r a few weeks.

The seed wings o f the annual crop o f

seed can be found in la r g e numbers in the humus under the
mature Spruce stands, but when examined during the l a t t e r
h a l f o f the Summer in 1924, the seeds themselves were
missing in every in s t a n c e .

Further study should determine

the number and m o r t a lit y o f the Spruce germinates in the
early Spring and during the F a l l , and what proportion o f
them are l o s t through withering o f the germinates due to
evaporation o f the su rfa ce m oisture, and through d e stru ct
ion o f the seeds by b ir d s and rodents.

For methods o f

determining the damage to seeds by animal l i f e e ,

see

^The B i o t i c Factor in Forestry,*^ E.N. Munns, S c i e n t i f i c

Monthly, Vol X V lll. March 1924.
The c o n d it io n s o f s o i l moisture a ls o d eter
mine the success o f the establishment o f Spruce se e d lin g s
in mineral s o i l .

I f the su rfa ce evaporation i s too rapid

the reproduction w i l l be prevented as in the case o f the
tough l a y e r o f humus.

Where the mineral s o i l has been

exposed, the Spruce se e d lin g s come in s a t i s f a c t o r i l y i f
a l i g h t ground cover o f d e b r is , v e g e ta tio n , o r l i t t e r
has been b u i l t up to prevent too rapid drying out o f the
surface under the action o f the sun and wind.

Thiafcan

be r e a d ily seen edong the cutbanks on the railways and
wagon roads.

Where a la r g e expanse o f s o i l has been

exposed, the drying a ction o f the atmosphere i s very
complete during the Summer, and in the neighborhood o f
mature Spruce, with i d e a l seeding c o n d it io n s , there w i l l
be a complete absence o f s e e d lin g s .

Where, however, a

smaller area o f s o i l has been uncovered, and i t i s shaded
by nearby tre e s o r v e g e ta tio n , and a l i g h t covering o f
slash and l i t t e r has been p r o t e c t in g i t from sun and wind,
a dense crop o f young s e e d lin g s comes i n , with fresh
a d d itio n s each year.

Such a group o f s e e d lin g s i s

i l l u s t r a t e d in Photograph No..
the Balsam a lso comes i n .
;

Under such c o n d itio n s

Examination o f reproduction on

excavations along the Canadian National Railway showed
that where the nearby timber was the undisturbed natural
Spruce-Balsam mixture there were more Spruce than Balsam

among the s e e d lin g s .

Where log g in g had taken p la ce and

most o r a l l o f the Spruce removed from the stand, almost
a l l o f the young s t u f f on the cutbank was Balsam.

In

both cases the ro o t development o f the Balsam was much
more vigorous than that o f the Spruce.

A number o f

Spruce and Balsam se e d lin g s were taken up during the
past season to secure data on r o o t development, but the
r o o ts became so b r i t t l e a f t e r drying that accurate
measurements o f t h e i r length could not be made.

With

th is experience as a guide, i t i s hoped that the required
data can be secured next year.

I t w i l l be necessary to

measure the length o f the seed lin g r o o t s as the plants
are taken from the ground, rather than to keep the
c o l l e c t e d specimens f o r examination in the la b o r a t o r y .
I t would appear, however, that given exposed mineral
s o i l which has been deeply s t i r r e d up, and Spruce seed
tre e s within a maximum d ista n ce which must be determined,
that Spruce i s l i k e l y to seed in s a t i s f a c t o r i l y in any
case, and w i l l probably produce a good crop, with Spruce
predominating, even when there i s seeding competition by
surrounding Balsam seed t r e e s .
I t remains to be determined i f Spruce w i l l seed
in from seed t r e e s on exposed mineral s o i l on the su rfa ce .
rather than that which has been s t i r r e d up, o r uncovered
at some d ista n ce below the su rfa ce , as i s the case in the

excavation o f redlway c u ts .

Where the Spruce-Balsam

type has been completely burned, and the mineral s o l]
exposed by the f i r e no see d lin g s come in as the r e s u lt
o f seeding by healthy tr e e s in nearby unburned stands.
There may be two reasons f o r t h i s .

The evaporation

may have been so great from the su rfa ce in the early
Summer that the germinates have been k i l l e d by drought,
and the dense crop o f vegetation which has follow ed
has prevented the establishment o f s e e d lin g s during
the fo l]o w in g y ea rs, when the shade o f the ground
cover has produced fa v o ra b le moisture c o n d it io n s f o r
germination and s u r v iv a l.

Or again, the o r i g i n a l pure

crop o f Spruce, mixed with a younger crop o f Balsam,
may have rendered the s o i l unsuitable f o r a l a t e r
crop o f Spruce.

For a b r i e f d iscu ssio n o f the e f f e c t

o f s u c c e s s iv e crops o f Spruce on f o r e s t s o i l ,
^Forest U t i l i z a t i o n in Europe,’’ Schenck, 1S24.

see
Re­

fe r r in g to c o n d it io n s in Saxony, Dr. Schenck s a y s ; -

” The s o i l i s s ick . Two f o r e s t generations o f
spruce have destroyed i t s fecundity. I t has
l o s t i t s p o ro s ity , hydro scope c i t y , and
microsmic content. The rota tion s o f pure
spruce have reduced the s iz e o f the pores
in the s o i l .
Small pores conduct water but
not a i r , which i s most important f o r microsmic
and b a cte ria l l i f e .
Experiments have shown
that c le a r cutting has reduced by two thirds
the a ir capacity o f the f o r e s t s o i l and has
seriou sly disturbed i t s water permeability.
S o il l i v e s , breathes, and undergoes continuous

changes. S o il q u a lity i s not permanent.
unaltered, always normal. Each tr e e depends
s y m b io t lc a lly on i t s a s s o c ia t e s and the
subeurface l i f e o f the s o i l .
American f o r e s t e r s should avoid:
1.
2.
3.
4.

Clear c u t t in g .
Destruction o f d eb ris and su rface l i t t e r .
Exposure to f u l l overhead l i g h t .
A r t i f i c i a l c u l t i v a t i o n o f any s p e c ie s
beyond i t s natural h a b ita t.
5. Pure p la n ta tion s and short r o t a t i o n s . ’’
Whether o r not such f a c t o r s as are o u tlin e d
above are r e s p o n s ib le f o r the absence o f Spruce repro
duction in burned ov er f o r e s t len d, as well as in green
timber, i s p rob lem a tica l.

Balsam does not come in

a f t e r a f i r e in the Spruce-Balsam mixture, even i f seed
tr e e s are at hand, so i t would appear that the c o n d itio n s
fo llo w in g a bum cannot be regarded as an i n d i c a t i o n o f
the e f f e c t o f a pure Spruce stand on the f o r e s t s o i l .

I

i s c l e a r , however, that Balsam i s favored in green timber
and i t i s not l i k e l y that the exact r e l a t i v e I n flu e n c e s o f
the casual f a c t o r s can be found out except by c a r e f u l , and
comprehensive experiments in the area, with a background o f
the experience which has been gained by experimenters with
Spruce in oth er re g io n s.
An I n t e r e s t in g case o f Spruce reproduction was
noted near S h elle y .

A small cle a rin g had been made during

con stru ction days (1911-1913) in a t y p i c a l Spruce-Balsam

stand and the slash had teen subsequently burned.

A

p l e n t i f u l supply o f seed tr e e s e x is te d in the surround
ing timber, but the burned over s o i l came up in a dense
growth o f fireweed and o th e r v e g e ta tio n , with a complete
absence o f c o n ife r o u s reprodu ction.

A small cabin was

constructed in the c l e a r i n g , and about a f o o t o f fresh
mineral s o i l thrown upon the shake r o o f to provide a
waterproof co v e rin g .

At the time o f examination in 1924

there was a dense growth o f Spruce and Balsam s e e d lin g s ,
with the former predominating num erically, in the s o i l
on the r o o f o f the cabin.

Unfortunately, t h i s i n t e r e s t i n g

example o f natural reproduction was destroyed by a slash
f i r e in June o f t h i s year,
Another case was noted on the Cottonwood River.
Debris had blocked up a small channel in the r i v e r .
changing the course o f the water and exposing a bar o f
s o i l composed o f sand and f i n e s i l t .

There were some

mature Spruce nearby, and a dense growth o f young Spru
seed lin gs had come in on the bar.
A th ird in s ta n ce i s shown in Photographs Nos.J^
a n d .^ .

pf

Just south o f Prince George, on the South

Fort George Road, part o f the o r i g i n a l Spruce-Balsam was
burned, p o s s ib ly f i f t e e n o r twenty years ago.

A good

supply o f Spruce seed t r e e s e x i s t s in a s t r i p o f green
timber b esid e the burned area.

Following the f i r e no

reproduction came i n , but a f t e r some years a s c a tte r e d

growth o f Aspen spread ov er the old bum , supplanting the
heavy growth o f vegetation which sprang up a f t e r the f i r e
In the shade o f t h i s Aspen, the Spruce s e e d lin g s are getting
a fo o th o ld and the area should eventually find i t s way back
to pure Spruce, i f not damaged by f i r e ,

and I f the

marginal mature Spruce i s retained to supply seed.
Diseases and
I t was not p o s s i b l e during the past season to
p le t e an accurate study o f the con d ition o f the timber
in th is type.

In general the Spruce i s sound and the

Balsam i s rotten o r s u f f e r i n g from i n c i p i e n t decay.

Com

prehensive s tu d ie s w i l l be necessary to determine the
extent o f d e fe c t in both s p e c i e s .
o f in sect in fe sta tio n s.

Both are almost fr e e

The p r in c ip a l d e f e c t in the Balsam

i s the Indian Paint F^Jngus f Echinodontium t in o t o r iu m ) .
Fomes p i n i c o l a and a ro o t rot which has not been I d e n t i f i e d
appear to be the c h i e f enemies o f the Spruce.

A collection

o f f r u i t i n g b od ies found in the area was c o l l e c t e d with the
a s s is ta n ce o f Compassraan R.G. McKee o f the McKinley c r u is in g
party and forwarded to the Department o f Botany o f the
U niversity o f B r i t i s h Columbia f o r fu rth er and more accur
ate i d e n t i f i c a t i o n .

Some s l i g h t damage has been done to

Balsam and Spruce reproduction, c h i e f l y the former, by an
i n s e c t v/hich appears to devour the lea v es on the terminal
twigs s h o r tly a f t e r they open out in the Spring.

H4 te o f Growth.
During the past season notes were

taken o f the ages

and diameters o f some 488 mature spruce t r e e s in r e p r e s e n t a t iv e
stands o f the Bpruoe-Ralsam type,

Studies were edso made o f

the ra te o f growth o f balSGUo and spruoe
mature stand.

under the

The r e s u l t s o f t h i s work are summarized in the

ta b les on page
U til iz lotion.
The lumbering industry in the Spruce-Balsam stands o f
the Upper Fpaser i s developing r a p id ly , and Is l i k e l y to
ontinie to do so.

Conditions o f u tiliz a tio n are very

en

s iv e ; the lumber produced i s sold in the East in com p etition with
that from re g io n s situ a ted nearer to the markets o f the
A-tlFntio seaboard, and it he small margin o f p r o f i t with even a
favorable p r i c e f o r c e s the operator to take the b est timber
and leave the r e s t i r the woods.

As a r e s u l t the stands are

being vreoked without regard to measures w hichw ill insure a
second orop, and care Is not taken to even remove the pre
one with any degree o f thorou<?hnes8.

I f the f i r i s not

l i k e l y to make the upper grades o f lumber i t is l e f t standing
along with the g re a te r part o f the balsam.

I t i s true that the

l a t t e r i s s u b je c t to a high p -rcen ta ge o f d e f e c t hut a very
$

large amount o f sound wood i s not taken out during the o p e r a t io n
Conditions in the woods a ft e r lo g g in g are i l l u s t r a t e d in
Photographs Nos.^3. . to
y

I t i s not d i f f i c u l t to vmders*and the e f f e c t which such
conditions o f c u t t i n g w i l l hare on the f o r e s t s in t h i s tune
'he la rg e amount o f slash makes a dangerous f i r e hazard which is

0 ' the 8011 to an.v extent

and

oondltlone^for the establlshnmnt o f seedllnga either hy fresh
seed or by seed which ha

remal ned in the huinus from previous

years

remains to be determined i f any seed r emai ns in th e
humus during the winter wi
germi natlng
•Vhere the s o il
is disturbed a dense growth of vegetation.
ferns
•pring. up during the f i r s t
eventually be

spring after^ sr.d while this may

eplaoed by coniferous reproduction there is not

suffio

evidence to Justify any ooncluslon that thi
re
produotlon w ill oontain a
satisfactory proportion of sprue
natu

'ihe

of the Te.etatlon on old logging roads and in openings
in the timb
caused by outtlnff Is shown in Photographs
eind
Han^ement.
Th
a 8

objeot of the manaj?ement of th is type

tained yield of the most valuable

which can be mad

to grown on the ground

eoi

should be to secure
or series of speoies

At present spruoe is

the most valuabl

tree on the area and I f environmental oon
ditione are farorable to i t s reproduction
the immediate obj
Should be to
eoure adeqn^ reoroduotlon of this species.
Given
th means of
ng this reproduction the management should not
be d i f f i c u l t , and i t should be possible to out th .
eoonomlo manner

type in an

at the same tim. removing a proportion of the balsam
whioh w ill inorease
as conditions of u t iliz a t io n become more
intensive.
With better eoonomic conditions in the
future
the
appli
I:
i cation of forest sanitatl un
should Improve the
ity oiff the balsa
in later crops of timber.

But there la an extremely small amount of advanos spruoe
reproduction in

ings, and l i t t l e or no fresh seeding seems

to take olace in the

ttings either before or after slash fir e s

Until the reason for this has be
determined

aocurately and completely

f management cannot be worked out.

It w ill

be necessary to find out i f seedlings oein be established under
present logfring

1

methods, from seed trees, either in groups or

I t

strips i n : -

1.

Undisturbed so il.w ith huinus oovering.

.

Soil whioh has been burned over.

3.

Soil disturbed by logging.

4.

Soil a r t i f i c a l l y prepared by raking, sorauing, Ac.

2
j!t
4

* •••

. Ill

| i III*

M.JII

Onoe i t has been determined how
of

eding oan take plaoe, a method

slash disuosal oan be developed.

_I^dgspole Pine Type.
A oareful analysis of the problems of this type oar not
•"II.

I'«

J

• M

I

be undertaken in this report.

The area whichthe type covers is

III
Ul I

so extensive, and t h e n ar

111

so many variati

and envirolimental oonditions that i t s na
I
I

I

ll*

in i t s

i

l i f e history, and

natural tendencies to change and replacement w ill not be under

L

f
........

eii "
I II

stood until very comprehensive investigat

^"1

I *11

have been made.

'■ “ I
I

.

I

dealing with this type exclusively

I IS

-f
i

Climatic conditions vary

II

t

I
i
t

t

iderably over the ar

in Central

British Columbia whioh

3

are now occupied by lodgepole pine.

Unlike most of the Spruce

sam type, the pine is found in

aged stands of a l l ages

T''e original forest must have included a number of types, each
d ifisren t to the present v a r i e t y of tjrp

in a l l of which the pine

predomlnat«8.

Also, the reprod'iotlon la not as uniform

nature as in the spruce stands of the eraser.

In

Some areas

of pine have spruce reproduction, others pine, others none
at a l l .
ihe mixture of pine and spruce in this type should
he studied carefully in the near future.
r

There are large

areas in the KeohaJto and Skeena basins where a mature stand
o f pine has aoted as a nurse crop for a dense growth of young
spruce.

The management of such a mixture is already

senting some d i f f i c u l t i e s .

The pine is in demand now for t i e s ,

while mature spruce In the mixture cannot be
ably.

pre­

u tiliz e d p r o fit­

I f the cine is out and the spruce l e f t , the slash

presents a hazard from fir e and in sects, and the question of
adequate reproduction ie made more

d iffic u lt.

The present

lodgepole stands, both wi th and without the spruce admixture,
w ill be one of the biggest factors ii

ttie mana/?ement of the

forests of the whole iiorthem country, possibly the greatest.
Unlike the Spruoe-Balsam type, the pine type w ill
require the development of a separate system for each subtype
w

i t contains, and i t may eventually be most profitable to manage
some areas to produce successive crops of

pine

while others

w ill be devoted to alternate crops of spruce and pine.
Uouglas Fir o rig in a lly occupied some of the region

If
may

b . b .8 t to «,ooura?. i t to oome t „ a-aln as market conditions
and forest practice becomes more

Intensire.

the spruoe and pine, at present there
ir
■I.

for the two species

in the type.

«(lth regard to

is an unbalanced demand

In the futui •, i^an a pulp industry has b en established in
the Northern Interior,
spruoe in the mixtur
th

may be
at

ible to

dispose of the

he time the pine is taken out.

as pulpwood or as t ie s or

awlogs, fiiiohever i s the most

p ro fita b ls.
yedar-JJ ir-Hemlook lype
Conditions in this type are differen t to those of both
the

ruce and pine type

ihe timber has become

and is o f l i t t l e or no merchantable value.
dispose of the

rmatu

The problem is to

^and on the ground at present, and to

put the area to better

growing

thing of value.

ery l i t t l e attention has been given to this type
The stands o f spruoe and pine in the North

i l l provide a

l^rge fie ld for the investigator for a good many
years to oome.

They contain timber of value and oan be made to

grow seoond orops which w ill also be valuable
these conditions exist in th
for

Station to much extent for some

investigati

f

Cedar-nemlook stands and there

they should not receive the attention of the

have been dealt with

Neither

nent

me u n til the more useful types

except insofar as the results of the

in them may be of value in working with the

spruoe and pine.

TH£ STATION
It is suggested that the WDrk of the Northern Interior

-f
J

Forest

xper

Station should bo organised as follow

5a) An experiment station should be
shed in the
d i s t r i c t , where the
fie
laboratory, nursery, and small
soal experiments oould be carried on.

0 >)

The Aleza Lake Forest Keserre should be developed
for the purpose o f experiment
s ilv ic u ltu r a l
ings and
other large scale experiment6
( o ) . Further areas should bs set aside for cutting and
other er-orimental purooees in the various types in the region
as the need a rises.
The

three phases of the work of the Station

dealt wi
«•

V

(a ).

in more d eta il in

i l l be

llowing pages

riment Station.
Th

same factors affecting the selection of a

s ite for a forest experiment etation whioh were discussed by
;

Ur

lexande

in oonneotion with the southern Coast iiorperlment

Station anplj to
Int

I'h

th

eeleotion of a site in the Northern

station

should be centrally located, with refer

enoe to forest types and areas, in the f i r s t plaoe, to a le
A
extent.
ith referenc
to the development o f the
stry and the looatl
in the i>istrictl

of the o f f i

It should be ac

be su itable, and well drained.
protection
olimatio oo

ainat fi

of the Forest Branch
ible

The s o il should

There should be adequate

and the possible e ffe c t s of th

local

ions should be carefully studied to minimize the

danger from f r o s t .

In regard to bulldlnge.

i t is suggsstsd that the Station

should inolnde a dwelling house which would
lahoratozy. with a greenhouse attached.
and quarters

kmen ooul

In an o ffic e and
A tool shed, garag

be added as required.

It is lik e ly

that at le a st one pennanent aselstant w ill be needed from the
beginning to take charge of small fie ld

parties during the summer
and to aeelst in the work o f the station durir^ the winter
or to
conduct o o .t stu d ie. and other fie ld work then.
It w ill he under
stood that th . above « g g .s t i o n s are merely preliminazy in nature.
^ in g

th . l « „ . d l . t . future th . present o ffic e in.Prinoe George wl

serve as the best headquarters for the
r

Station, and a more permanent

inetltution can be e .t.b lle b e d la te r * e n the needs o f the work are
better understood «zd information has been e.oured of the best
praoti
J. Whioh le being folio-wd in older, more ex-erl.noed organ-

Ih . inveatlgatlone whioh w ill oom. under the work of the

•xperlm«it atatlon oan be divided into ( a ) . ,

those whioh w ill

be
carried on in the central station , and ( h ) . . those whioh must be
oa.ried out in th . f i e l d .

These w ill be d.sorlbed b r ie fly In ordez

(a)

«ork to be undertaken at the ^Station.

!•

Meteorologr.
It w ill he in this connection that the beet information

oan be secured about environmental conditions of climate.

Data o f

air teri^atures. annual and seasonal means, fr o s ts , precipitation.
hzunidity. and wind oan be aeoursd

co-operation should be worked up

ItB existing stations in other parts of the region,
2.

Ifursery work.
This should be undertaken to secure

rna tion in

regard to a r t i f i c i a l planting, raoe experiments, exotlo species
and other work in which i t w in

be necessary to observe oare-

m i y the e ffe c t c f s e l l , l i g h t , temperature, and moisture on
«*

grwwlng seedlings.

TranT>lants and

nursery stock can also

be grown for various purposes as required.
.^led testing and germ in ation .
Seeds from various species,

s it e s , and

fferaat

age classes o f each soeoles oiost be tested for r l a b l l l t y and
q u a lities o f durability under different conditions of moisture and
temperature.

''.rmlnatlon t sts should be made o f a l l classes of

seed to determine t h . r a t . of amnlnation at different seasons and
under different
4.

environmental conditions.

Sowing and
I f a r t l f i c M reforestation is eventually necessary in any

part of the region i t w ill f i r s t be

ry to find out how the

sowing or planting can be done in the most e ffic ie n t and economtol
manner.

This can only be determined by comprehensive

experiments

both in the f i e ld and under the more accurate condj tions of th
experiment station.
5*

/

I

Bstablishment of Seedlings.

5.

f

o f Seedlings.
This work w in be of special Importanoe In the study of

the spn.oe type.

B.ds should be prepared where seeds o f various

spsclss may be eowed in a variety of s o i l s under a l l

conditions of

shade, moisture, and temperature, and the growth, mortality, water
emsn
root development and other oharaoterletlos of the
seedlings may be studied,
6.

Soil examination and t e s t s ,
Ihe Importano, of a study o f the s o il m each o f the

timber types has already been referred to.
best be done

Part o f th is work oan

under laboratory and nursery conditions.

the Porest Branch

The work <

f

agronomist w ill be correlated with that o f the

B*perlm«,t B u tlo n . and overlapping avoided, but certain work o f the
examination of the fo re st

s o i l , o f the region, can be undertaken by

the Station to good advantage.
have been b- rn.d .hould be teat.d for their s u ita b ility for seedling
growth and compared with natural unbnrned s o i l .
should be undertaken to

ermine the comparative growth of seedlings

in the various combinations
7*

Other exnerlments

of sand, s i l t ,

lay

^ f f l o e and Laboratory,
The study of research lite r a tu r e , and the correlation

o f the resu lts ssoured by
important part o f th. * r k .

othsr research organisations w ill be
Reports r t l l have to be

an

prepjired, andae

th, work progresses b n l l .t l n s may be Issued for various purposes.
I«.boratory work w in in clu ds ths study of oolleoted specimens,
experiments In wood tsohnology. and physiological Investigations

-Mfttt- liL the I'l el*,
^

^

«*

iy |

!•

Distribution of spsoles and types^

.1

Y

This study w ill be the most important projeot to be
undertaken in the near future lEiioh w ill include the whole area
ooTered by the

Stations. The nature of the forests must be und

stood before their problems oan be solved,
ooourrenoe of eaoh

ihe

distribution and

tgpe weAweE should f i r s t be determined, and

then for eaoh type a l i f e history
past might be knoxi and a

should be b u ilt up. so that i t s

prediotlon of i t s future made posslbl

A ls o ,— and included in this study— the nature of the

permanent

type of eaoh area

(hfinite type

should be deterTlned. i f a single

can permanently exist on i t .

Combined with this study of typ

distribution^ data should be seoured

dealing with the dit trlbution

of eaoh speoies.
2*

Oroirth. volume, and y ie ld .
These etudiee w ill furnish

management, and legulation.
mination of types and
5*

ihey

basio material for mensurationf

must be preoeded by the

deter­

site s.

Cutting methods.
^he cutting methods w ill be

the applioation o f the

theories developed by investigation and experiment.
method

When the best

for the type under coraIderatlon has been developed on

paper it shouliybe tried out in the woods, and i t s applioation and
e

e ffe ct carefully observed .

ih ls should

for permanent sxperlmental

pErposes.

be done in an area asE igned

Such a praotlcal, largo scale

experiment w ill show the e ffe c t of each cutting
a

le

Reproduction and reforestation :
Slash disposal.

method o n :-

in these experimental cuttings each system

should be

carried on under a variety o f seasonal conditions and logging
methods.

A permanent eerie

of

^■^*Ations would serve to note

the e ffe c ts o f the cu ttin gs.
ih e Al

Lake xoreet keserve w ill serve as an admirabl
area for experiments in
ing methods in the hpruo

am

stand

o f the ^

in other type

hxpe rlmente
and as policy d ictates.

lid al

be oarri

out

n cooperation with lumber

(Continued on n-xt page.)

IT

f
\

\

I

*V *

.

-f

t i e , and pulp oompanles*

1J
«

I

^•

_Tliilllilngs,

r

i •
t

I

•

l^e •oonomios o f thinnings, and their effect on the
remaining

stand, should be studied.

a

few years It may be profltat

to take thinnings from some

of the Lodgepole Pine stands on

Meohako.

etande would Improve the quality

TUlnnlngs In other

fin a l produot, but

the
of th .

w ill not be eoonomloally possible for some yeara

•m. time for the making of auoh thinnings

should be determined.

zoology,
"^he study of the effaota of
in almost .vary p h . . . of the
d l.tp lb u tlon o f types,

work; eoologloal faotors a ffso t

and the

h l.to r y : such a change as t h .

replacement o f a i>ougUs / I r stand

lock is due entirely

th .

ohang.s In t h . l r oompoeltlon during

th . natural tr«td of t h . l r l i f e
natural

environment w ill be neoeesary

by on. o f O.dar and Hem­

to environmental factors.

Hvery

forest;,under

natural condition*

Is suffering a oonatant breaking

down, and

building up of Its

oonstltusnts.

and th . trend of

xh. r a t . of ohang.

the evolution of new oharaot.rlatios oan be understood

only in the

light of ecology.
_ l ? i a f T a l iitande*
"here a forest has been destroyed by acoidental
baa been replaced by an entirely different
aooldant.- which may hav, b.sn a f ir e

type as a

ana. and

esult o f the

or an Insect epldemlo-the natur

of this sooalled permanent type must be learned by the Investigator
before he oan find out t t a t
advantage,
sprue

w ill grow on the area to the best ultimate

ror Instance a f i r . stand may oooupy an area whioh
destroyed by f i r e .

boro

ihe intolerant fir e cannot readily

reprodnoe a a tlsfa o to rlly and It
*galn, and seours
Under euoh

J

a better yield from i t . with elmpler management

oondltlone the determination of

primeval forest
7*

might be baat to bring In tha spruoe

opens u-> the solution o f

the nature o f the
the problem.

Site studieBe
A system o f s it e olass4fioation should be worked out, in

oonneotion with the delineation o f types,

^hen for each s ite oharaoter
c

is t io s of composition, reproduotion, and wood q u alities should be

I determined
8.

Seed dissemination and germination.
Part o f these studies should

be carried on in the

Id. in

oonjunotlon with other phases, of inrestigatlon of the same subject
whioh oan be better handled in

the laboratory and nursery a

’I'he

studies should include:
(a) Production, dissemination and

naturaly storage of seed.

(b) hates of mortality and germination^.
(o) ^he e ffe c ts o f the source of the seed. (Overhead stands, see*
trees and margiTMl timber), upon production, and
seminat
(d) oeed in the forest flo o r .
(e ) ‘’‘he ooourrenoe of seed years,
i s t i o s . for eaoh speoi

and the seeding character

( f ) heed geimination.
x a c t o r s :- ( l ) Light-(Toleranoe)jiiioi3 ture requirements.
3 o ll:^ “
'
Composition

)>

Humus oover
J>oll h lstoiy •) ^
(g) -needling establishment.
/a c to r s : Light and moisture

Soil and kuania.
Aoot devalopmant.
I

auppraaalva Influtnoas
Blotio factor.
9*

fira ktaaaroh.
hla can ba

slash

disposal,

o o p r.la tM , 1 th th , work In m .t.rolo«y

vira conditions In the

tudy can b. nndartak.n by

north raqnira e

tudy. and 8u<
th . -ta tlo n to good advantage.
with

tha growth of th

rganliatlon on* o f the f i r s t additions to the
personnal should ba
a
mnA
0. a rira and alaah dlaposal ep eo la lla t.
10.

-31aah_ disposal.
xhla 1. alrsHdy a big

c o n s tltu t. on, of th .
« .r

in .very ty p .:

u t l l l .a t l o n

probl*. «,d Ita study , 1 1 1 always

major r r o j . o t . of th . Stations.
th . p r o b l « should b .

IS most . i t s n s l v . .

have to b. oh.ap. a.ourlng good

xh, b .s t

^ondl

f i r s t ta.klsd wher.
method of disposal w ill

naw r.produotlon. and not

th . advano. growth, with prot.otion from f i r , and insaots.
•uoh a mathod o », b .

d .v .lo p .d for any ty p ., aaoh

nra^t b« studied.

m th is , as in a l l the

Investigator w ill

hav. to tra o . down .aoh o f

injuring
uafor.

of thsa. factors

work of the station

the

the many forces whloh

hold th . forest <rganliatlon in squllibrlum, and then build up a

n-ethod Which Will pr.a.rve the status quo
has bean
11.

introduced by logging or fire s .
Cooperation with companies.
AS forest industries develop

trill take an inoreaslng interest in
li k s ly

,h .n a disturbing el.msnt

that within the next few

W ill be anxious

to in it ia t e some

in the iiorth the operators

technical forestry and i t i s
some of

the larger compani

experiments in reforestation.

u t l l l i a t i o n , or slash disposal, on th eir holdings.
of forestry in the

egion w ill he served i f guoh

•^he development
work is

raged

the work w ill be done to the

best advantag

cooperated

with that of the Station or

other independent invest

i f i t is

igators.

12.

t
Uethods of increasing Forest i^roduc^vity.
Stands should be handled not only with a view to

kept as valuable as they are at present, but also to
more valuable

The

should make it

more productive

(• )

being

make them

natural forest is productive: management
111is

object

oan be achieved by:

increased a.rea
Greater produotion on mature fo r e s ts .
Produot ion from waste lands.

(D)

Increased growth.
detention of fast growing speoies only
Inoreased production o# mixed stands,

(0 )

inoreaaed qu ality.
increased yield of useful material,
detention of beet trees only
Concentration o f growth on beet treess

(See "Methods of Inoreaslng Forest Produclvity" U .S .F .S . Cir. lt?2 . )
13

Dendrology.

14.

Sntomology.

13

Pathology.
ilie work

he Stdtion

high spots of problems In these
know iben hi

should he to detect the

elds of Investigation: he should

fo re sts need the attention of a s p e c ia lis t .

o f botany, tree diseases and

Problems

fo rest infestations are exceedingly

oompl. 1 and na.d oaraful handling.

As u tiliz a tio n progresaes th .

dlaturhano. In t h . fbreet

halano. w ill bring d lsea s.s and

fe.tation a In Its wak..

It is

r.moTal o f
o f an

po.8 l b l . , f o r in8tano.,th at t h .

spruoe from th . Spauce-Baleam

almost oomplet. oanopy o f

epidemlo.

In-

type, with the retention

balaam may oause an in e.ot

(Bee Bohierb^k on'*‘fhe Budworm
Aleia Lake /o r e s t fieeerT#.
n»e main purpose of th le r e e e r r e

an area where

experimental outtlngs may be carried

progress and e f f . o t .
not be done u n til

I

wllllhe to serve as

observed on a permanent baele.

ayet«n which

but m the meantime some I n it ia l

may be made.

boundarl.e should be set

xh.

^SuTTiya

preparations

out. and a map o f t h .

area made In oonjunotlon with a o ru ls. of t h .

timber.

It is reoommended that the

boundarle. he m irv.y d by a B.C.
plaoed alon<t th .

Cutting should

b a .lo stu d ie. have indicated th .

should be tried out

la

out, and their

aurveyor. and

tside
that poste be

boundarl.e at intervale of lo ohalne.

elevations of each o f these points should be eetabliehed

The
by rod and

1
2.

iLtppographio map, should be mads

tentative suggeetion. a 25 foot oontour Interval,
this map should bs
3.

seoured luring

th

a
xn.

notes for

oru

*be timber should be eetimated on the basia of a

20> t a lly on one ohain s tr ip s , five ohalne

apart.

he t a llie d having a dlamet.r at br.aet height of

A ll tre
or more

should

Upon oon.pl.tlon of th . Burv.y o f 1h .
ayet«n ehould be worked out.

n .a .r v . an nd.quate protection

with any improTameilB whloh may

ba

neoeesarj
(o)

Other areas.
As the research program is

ar.ae should

oould

in itiated on them on a
cutting «Ball

nureerl.a and planting axperlmente.
permwient. w ill b . naoaaaaiy

p.rwanent baela.

similar

ba a .t aalde: amaller ar.as

(4)

ental

b. aal.otad in t h . Lodg.pola Pin. and other type

inreetlgatlone
experinental

developed

and

JS'OT

to that at A leza ^ ak

oould be u t l l i e .d for fie ld
Sample plota. temporary and

in almost araiy phas. o f

InTsstlgatlon.

General.
A ll th

of the Axperlmmit station w ill be

on with th . d .f l n l t e aim o f building

up working p lar. am developing

• policy Of f o r .a t managamant. and regulation In each major
*h# projects asslgnsd to
dhould be s .l .o t e d

arri

typa

th . Investigators by th . H.s.aroh Ooranltt.e

with that and in vlaw. and t h . o o rr.la tlo n of

Tarious phaea. o f th . * .r k must be p r . f . o t l y
overdetelopmant in one branch of

b a l«io .d . without undue

invaetlgation. and a laok o f

Infor-

matlon in another.
Wi.n tha bast plan o f regulation has been worked out i t
cannot b. applied, to th .
public aantimant.
praotloe, the

a favorabl.

whlls plans a r . b.ing made to apply better forest

ground should ba preparad

sentiment in th. region.
p dbllolty.

beat advantag.. unless th sr . is

oonservatlon

by

fostering

a forest

xh. «>rk o f the Station should be
and protection should be bro;ght home to

the people who should
be g

be interested in the fo r e s ts .

during the winter months

No opportunity should

to inorsass, the publloity of the Branch in the press,
and the oommunlty

It
I

ik
# 4

T<

Leottires

l i f e of the d i s t r i c t .

b

oould
lo st

the sohools,

SUMMARY OF TREE COUNTS

REPXLUCTIVE PLOTS

Spruce Balsam Type In Upper Fraser Valley.
(1)

Green Timber.

Spruce
fialsnm

nr

Hsoilook

Ceder

( 2)

Number o f p lo ts .................. 87.

Mature

Poles

fl4.5
44.3
1.8
0
0 .5

51.6
62.2

Logged over areas.

126.2
726.9
0 .5
2.0
37.7

0.6
1.0
1.0

Number o f p lo ts

7 .5
50.4
0 .9
0.0
0.2

70.

ore.

Mature
Spruce
Balsam
Fir
Hemlock
Cedar

Acre

20.9
36.5
0.1
0 .2
0.0

37.9
294.5
0.8
0.2
1.8

Decrease In trees per acre a fter loggl

Spruce
Balsam
n r
Hemlock
Cedar

Mature

Poles

Qciu ctlo n

8 8 .4
31.4

33.8
43.2

70.0
59.3

Numbers In su ffic ie n t to
give accurate values.

NORTHERN

IIH'SRIOR

FOREST

SX?ERn,:Zi:T

STATION

Heproduotlva Studies.
iM truoU ons in Tallying Preliminaiy Plots

4 .

I

Th# purpos. o f making these reproduotive studies la tn

purpose small plots should be seleoted in und lsxT iF u od

n stn rB i

s p m o o

st& ndfi

should be measured by height
e
o
r
.
.o r e .

7-hen
.;“
a plot has beer

And

ir\

^

in f o u r ° ° L o t “heleht
**>U8 containing
»v.
.

ounne-iirin
e -fifth of
or ar
«<^eol tape
trees

should be etr.tShed o-® in^^ stra?eM i^n
measured and t a llie d which l i # w i t h i n

.

n

,

K

t

t a p e .^ ! B iu m o ;e % ? fo ^ n « f
must be regarded a f t m S a
i t nmst be used frequently or

L

i

:

t

™asured by a diameter
ev^?^pi™."*®

™«'‘ ’ ^rement. and

P la ln i^ S r k ? d ^ o n * * r t M e o ? ' i ? ” l ^ a f S *h*
below stumu height iJa%S f l» a s t eight
blazes must be^arked on t L b a c ^ o f ^ e
the distance of the olot from t R i
^

f
»>®
Inohes in diamater,

? e n " o h a ? n s 'o T ^ “

t t : 'J , * i '''?

i t is not neoeesary that
position o H ^ T I p J e p l o t s !

sheet, and also

l n t e r ? a ; s ” : i " ? r l m ’ f o u r % o ^ ^ ° '®

lo 8S«d over areas
Identify the

•

V

V

A number of photographs of the plots should b secured.
I f a lookout is kept for lik e ly scenes.
specially in logged
over country, good piotur
can be taken now and then.
Take
the picture from a point between your obj
and the sun fro II
which you have an uninterrupted view of the area. A l i t t l e
work in clearing away the ui^
in front o f the camera
w ill greatly improve the photocrraph
^emember these p o in ts :-*^e sure you have th right species.
Don
measure anything outside the 8 foot mark
Us th Biltmore stick with oar
Stand properly wh
ng the compass.
Ally every tree, but none o f them twice.
A number of these d etails are covered in "Instructions
for Intensive ^eoonnaissanoe." This book was written for cruising
^OTk., but i t should be read and studied.
Rule up your sheets the night before.
Keep good notes
Remember that your notes represent a
_ large
___
amount of money, and
they must on no account be lo st or m islaid.
You are expected to be on the Job from eight t i l l five with
an hour of^ for lunch, and i t Is up to you to see that this uart
of your job is carried out.
i f you get into d i f f i c u l t i e s write or wire at once and you
w ill be given every assistance.

(Sgd.) P.ll,Barr
Junior Forester.
F ra
Plof rieI

Ziffhoii 0/ Zf0Y/l:tn^

NORl'HERlf
AK
JTUxiJsox KZPSKiMENT 3TATI0IT
HEPRC

3TIVE

STLDIES

-1924.

A check-up o f the sheets which have been handed in to date
shows that improvement in methods can be made i ^ a number o f ays
In the fu tu r. attention should be paid l o The
1.

^ a sheets should be ruled oroperly.
I f this is done the
t a l l y l ^ and oompllatlon of dots is lik e ly to be more
aoour

2.

The timber type must always be indloated, in both green
md logged over timber. I’he types we have encountered to
date ar. t h . Spmo.-oalsam, the Plr Kidge, and the Uedar.

J.

M l oompllations nmet be oheoked by a second man and must
be in itia le d by him.

4.

Measure th# humus depth carefu lly, and describe vhat the
humus ia composed of

5.

I f spruoe reproduotlon le p le n tifu l, try to find out the
rea on why

6.

i>o not oount dots whioh have been oanoelled by having a
iro le drawn around them.

7.

ibe location o f lo^?'#d over plots must be indioated. as.
for instanos. "in logging o f 1923-24 on south side of
U.N.R. opposite Johnson M ill. Hansard

8

mien a d d l^ ur. the dote on the t a l l y eheet, i f there Is a
total the dots on one line
at a time, then total these figures to obtain the total
for the c la s s.
This w ill eliminate errors in counting
larffe numbers of dots.
^

I

(Sgd.) P.H*Barr

18,1924.

y
*

.•

‘y f

T
t

NOTE OH

ACTS

CUHTO

Dlkneter (Jrowth o f Spruce#
In tooxurlnr t ie data for
ciirrc the rinrs were
counted on atuapa o f anture apruce In logsing operation*
Oounta wero oade In aeweral areat and In general the
fbands were found to be roughly evenaged In each case
and trees o ‘
•aae age covered a wide range o f diameters
rate o f growth seems to depend more on environaental
conditions whioh i
suppression rather than on age.
Idle height o f the ftux
varied from two to ^our feet and
to secure an accurate curve
age o f each
shoxild be
corrected for the time required to grow to stump
^
" ^ s data Should be secured from counts o f spruce reprodw tion in a young stand free from suppression, as there
does not appear to have been any suppression o f ttw present
rmture spruce stand In Its early youth.
Height

growth o f Spruce anl Balsan Reproduction.

These curves Illustrate the suppressed condition
reproduction under the cover
nature tree* in the
Spruoe-Balsam IVpe
n Vfpper FVaser. There
Tailsy
i f very l i t t l e difference in the height growth
the two
species. W^irther studies should be undertaken to Shovr
rate of growth
the two species after release from supp
ression. In asking the counts the young trees were cut at
height o f ^elve Inches • A correction should be made for the
time req;uired for ruppressed seedlings to grow to this height
%

lO

e

&•«/< •

✓

N*>«f Trrcs

C o r V €.<1

r

I AG E

T

I

PSH.

no

5 -^
1
I9L0 13-0
i
1^0 16.5
I

II
V
/\

►

i^ o ; 19.9
i5c>i Z3*3
i v6 o| a ^.7
\1o\I 3ft.1
I
•i
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I
I
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I
I

Itfl
✓
✓
<

■

15
/
/
4

2A

IPRnisaR nrmiOR
sjcrsRircs:! statiqe
1 .9 X 4

4
z'

«) Vi
I

JiAaeter
Growth
o
f
Ifatiire
e9
VTxjce
Spruoe-Br1Ban Type
Upper Traier R lfer

I

4i
a

r
»

Tentative Carve Beeed on
CotmtB tmde on Sbonp* o f Varying
Heights.

AW
I

la
I
/

c
10

t

/

17

f

/

I)

J '1
.d
d

/

H*.

4-e3

At

149.-7

/

ai-3
1
\

10

r| Te?«'

Av.

Av A^c

I

rr

Tf«r &

I
/
/

160
m Yeans

KfO

ISO

I

17

Rat\%
No
TV»
I

t6

3

•

0
e

/
15

3
I

%
I

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fi U

13

2

A
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12

10
7
FORmStC*

10

INTERIOR

IBS322.

8

3TATIQK
1?24

20

/
!
I

R

2T

7

23

6

16

5

«T

IIel£:ht Growth of
Spruce Reproduction in
ifeture Spruce-Rnlsara lype.

.V
\
«

I
«
i

I

4

II 5

ACS

HSPRODUCTIO

e■ i

III

YEARS

i
«

i,

o

2

T.

o

I
$

S

!

\%

O
9
iO

II

rf

d

noRTHEgn

I MT6RI0R

rO R C^T E X P E R in ertT STATIOn

I

6

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Wei^kt Gre^jtVv
Ro^*'®doct i»ws

[.«

m

i

3t

llTr
•■ 0
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•

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Re |>ro d o ct"i 6n

»H Y'ca.r'i

F6aUawN
€,

HOHTHERN IITTERIOR
PIREST SI.ERIMENT STATION
D lte ra tn re d e a lin g w ith F orest Reseeurch and Experiment S t a t io n
IprlL ro<5«ived during 1924
S e le o tlT e Locging in Prince Oeorge D i s t r i o t

Jenkins

1925

P.B. C ir . A 55

Sample P lo t s

Growth and R eproductive Studies in I n t e r i o r Wet B elt

Bevan I 919

Bangers’ Management 4^eports

1922

Seeding C h a r a o t e r is t io s

P rin ce Rupert Dis t r i c t

P.B. P i l e 0 I 6IIO

1923

Program o f Work. D .S .P .S , Experiment S t a t io n s .
F orest P r o t e c t io n in Car a.:a I 9I 2

m

Comm, o f Con.

1 9 1 2 -13

D iseases o f the F orest

Boyce

Minimum Requirements; Douglas f i r Typ

Munger

F o re sts o f B.C.

Vihitford and Craig

F orests o f B.C.

Imp. F o re stry C onference.

1922

1924

d . f . b . 1923

F orests o f Canada

Report

1923

1920

D.F.B.

Canadian Pulp and Paper In du stry.

Handbook.

Work o f Tree P lan tin g D i v i s i o n .

D.F.B

D .f . b .

1922

P r l a r ie Tree P lanting

Report o f Royal fo n m isslo n o f In qu iry.
A r t l f i o l a l ^ g e n e ra tio n .
Workkig Plan Surveys.

1920

1923

1910

D.F.B.

D .F.B.

Thinnings in Hardwood Stands.

D.F.B.

Number o f P lo t s necessary to o b ta in an average
S t a t i s t i c a l Methods in I n v e s t ig a t io n .
Natutal R ep rod u ction on C ut-over areas
F orest I n v e s t ig a t iv e Work.

D.F.B,

Wright
D.F.B

D. f . b .

Raganeration of Southern .Vhite Cedar.
Research in Appalachians.

Frotheringham.

Forest ^Ire Weather in Appalachians.
<I

S olen tific Research.

McCarthy.

Frotheringham.

Investigative Program.
tK

Morstlan.

Appalachian Station.

Monthly Reports. U .S.F.S. Experiment Stations. Feb. 1924 et seq
Blotio Factor in Forestry.

Mmms.

Stem Girdle of Spruoe Traneplemta.

Koretian aM Fetherolf.

Chlorosie of Conifers Corrected by ferrous Sulphate.Korstlan et a l .
factors Controlling the distribution of forest typos.

Pearson.

Ha'ural Reproduction from Seed stored in the forest

Hofman

rt on Forest Fire Reaearoh.U

ferenoe.1924

Forests and Run-off and the Pueblo Flood.

Johnson

Seed Characteristics of Paoifio Conifers.

Larsen.

Fire Weather Forecasting.

U.3.Wea‘ her Bureau.

Evaporation and Forest Fires.

I 924.
I 921.

U.S. iYeather Bureau.

Weather Records at Lookout Stations In Idaho. 1 9 2 2 .
Trent Watershed Survey.

Larsen.

C. o f C.

Light in Relation to Tree Growth,

Son and Graves.

Practioal Forestry In a spruce tract In Maine.

I 9I I .

Caiy.

1907

How to Pack and Ship Forest Reees. U.S.F.S.

Cir. 55

Influence of Forests on CUma'e and Floods.

Moore.

1910.

Carter.

I 909 .

Methods of Increasing Forest Producivity.

Munns

Trail Construotion on National Forests.
Trees of B.C.

U.S.F.S

1923

1918.

BaTidaon.

Natural B.ganeration o f ? i r in the Northwest.

Hofman

Spruce and Balsam Fir Trees of the Rocky Ift . Region.
Results of Forestry Investigati

1916

Univ. of California. 1921

Physiological Requirements of

ky Mountain Trees.

1923

H el.tion of Precipitation and Height Orowth of Sapiings.Koratian
Slaish Disposal

m White Pine in Idaho

Forest Fires in California. 1911
Forest Situation in California

1920.

1923

Show and Aotok.

T illo tso n .

tern Yellow Pina.

Research Methods in the Study of Fo res
Red Spruce. Crowth and Management.

1924

1917.

Pe arson. I 923

Environment.

Dates and Zon.

Murphy. 1 9 1 7 .

Pine trees of the Rocky Motmtaln Region.

Sudworth. 1917.

Nursery Practice on the National Forests.

T illo tso n . 1 9 1 7 .

Timber.
Idl

Mine or Crop?

Creely et a l .

Land and Costly Timber

Far me

Forestry and the Natior»l Forests.
Rots of Western White Pine.
sul

1922 .
Bull

1417

1924.

192 4.

19 19 .

of Cutting in the Sierra Forests.

S]e sh Pine.

1923 .

Parmers* Bulldtin qwty. I 922

Review of Pore at Service Inveatlgatlima.
Suggestions to Authors.

Vol. 1 . 1 9 1 3 .

U.S.Geological Survey

Products from Canadian Woods.

Bates.

1923

Munns

Reforestation on the National Forests.
Natural Reoroduotion of

1921

1916

( J . S . ) I 917.

W hite S p m c e .

T re e Pam phlet No. 2 . D .F . B .

S u i t a b i l i t y o f W eatem S p e o ie s f o r C r o s s T i e s .

B u t le r . 1923,

I n s t r u o t i o n s f o r A p p r a i s i n g Stumpage on N a t io n a l F o r e s t s . 1922
L i f e H i s t o r y o f L o d g e p o le B u m F o r e s t s .

C le m e n ts.

I9 1 0

M i s c e l l a n e o u s C o n i f e r s o f the Rocky M o u n ta in R e g io n . Sudw orth. 1918
S i t k a S p ru c e . Grcerth and Management.

N .L . C a r y .

•’^ecays and D i s c o l o r a t i o n s i n A ir p l a n e V.oods.
-^eoay i n D o u g la s F i r i n th e N o rth w e st.

I9 2 2 .

B oyce.

B o y ce.

19 23.

1923.

U t i l i z a t i o n and Mana^rement o f L o d g e p o le P in e i n R o o k ie s . Mason.
H e a rt R ot in W estern flendook.
F o r e s t D is e a s e S u r v e y s .
M is t le t o e I n ju iy

$
ef
t .

W e ir and H u b e rt.

* e i r and H u b e rt.

to N o rth w e st C o n i f e r s .

»15

I9 1 8 .

I9 1 8 .

* e ir.

1916

F c r e s t T r e e s o f th e P a c i f i c S lo p e .

Sudw orth.

I9 0 8 .

B y - P r o d u c t s o f the Lumber I n d u s t r y .

B en so n .

I9 1 6 .

u

F o r e s t C o n s e r v a t io n f o r S t a t e s i n th e S o u th e rn ^ i n e R e g io n . P e t e r s
B a rk B e e t le C o n t r o l i n B .C .

H opping .

F o r e s t I n s s o t C o n d it io n s i n B . C .

S w a in s.

F o r e s t iix p e rim e n t S t a t i o n s .

C ia p p .

A m srio an F o r e s t R e g u l a t io n .

W oolaey.

F orest Management.

192L •

I9 2 I.

R e o k n a g e l and B e n t le y .

o r e s t r y i n New -England.
M anual o f T re e D i s e a s e s .
Econom ios o f F o r e s t r y .
P ra c t ic e of S ilv ic u lt u r e .

Hawley and Hawes
R a n k in
Fo m o w .
Hawley

19 14 .

S la s h Uiaposal. P . B . O l r . E l o .
Cost o f S la s h D is p o s a l.

P . B . O i r . A 83

? o r e s t O t i l i s a t l o n i n E n ro p a .
Annual R e p o rts .

1923
1923

Sohsnok.

1934
1907 - 1923

Quebso f o r e s t S e r v io a .

H o tes on the f o r s s t e o f (iuebeo.
f o r e s t r y as a C a re ss,

^avas.

1923

P io h a .
19 22.

N o rth A a a r lo a n P o r e s t H a a .a ro h .

N a t io n a l ..e .e a r o h C o u n c i l

19

M o n th ly u a t a lo g u a o f U .S . P u b l i c x>ooum.nta
I l l u s t r a t e d C a n . d ia n F o r e s t and Outdoo
Jo u rn a l o f fo r e s t r y ,

krom J a n u a ry 1 9 2 3 .

^

P e rlo d io a ls

a s p i r e / o r e s t r y . from V o lu a . 1, Ho. 1, M a rch . 1 9 2 2 ^
How the P n b l l o P o r e s t s a r e H a n d le d .

Smith

1920

I n v a s t i g a t i o n s o f o o t t l n s o f S la a h .

U .S .

B u l.

P o r s s t N u r s e r l s s f o r S o h o o ls . U .S .D .A . f a r .
S t a t e P o r e s t i y Laws o f 1 9 2 1 .
Balsam F i r .

U .S .D .A , B u l

R o o s . T s l t W ild I l f .

U .S .D .A .

B u l. 423

C ir.

239

55

B u lle t in .

R e p o rt o f Pnlpwood U om m lsslon.

V o l. 1 . No. 2. 1922
Ottawa.

496

J i l y I9 2 4

u n it e d S t a t e s Departm ent o f A g r i c u l t u r e
F o re st S e rv ic e
Was h i
F o r e s t E x p e rim e n t i i t a t i o n s .

to n
1924.

Mr. P.M. P a r r , J r . F o r e s t e r ,
■department o f Lands,
P r i n c e G eorge, B. C
I
I

De -r Mr. P a r r :
I am v e r y g la d in d e e d to have y o u r l e t t e r o f June
o s t a h lis h m e n t o f an ExperinD n t s t a t i o n i n
^ r i t i s h C o lu m b ia , and 1 am c e r t a i n t h a t o u r own o r g a n i z a t i o n
a
s
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
to
you,
a
t
any tim e .

i

J

\

I am s e n d in g you a copy o f t h e program
o ff work o f
program o
o u r own f o r e s t - x eriroen t s t a t i o n s f o r 1 9 ? 3 . an d a ls o w i l l
name upon th e l i s t o f r e c e i v e o u r m onthly r e p o r t .
t
l e t t e r than a r e p o r t .
i am s e n d in g
you the l a s t two i s s u e s o f t h i s , and w i l l se e t h a t you g e t
the ns'(^ ones a s th e y a r e is s u e d *
Ifou a r . p r o b a b ly a w a r. th'^t t h i s y . a r w. a r e as
t a b l i ^ l n g a / o r e a t i r p . r i m . n t S t a t i o n I n t h . P a o l f l o B o rth
e s t which has f o r i t s t e r r i t o r y ; O regon. W ashington, and
A la s k a .
Mr. T .T . Munger o f th e F o r e s t s e r v i c e at P o r t l
llP t
the J i r e o t o r o f t h i s s t a t i o n , the h e a d q u a r t e r s o f
y®^He 18. Jtist now.
g e t t i n g u n d e r way i
developinflr h i s program and b u i l d i
h is p erso n n el
a l s o g a t h e r i n g t o g e t h e r s u c h rq u ip m e n t^ a s ha
p la n n e d , t h i s y e a r , to have a f o r c e o f about
f i v e t e o h n io a l men i n perm anent a s s ig n m e n t .
The u r l n c i p l
^ th o se o f growth and y i e l d , p a r
c u l a r ^ , oT the C o a s t / o r e s t s ; b e t t e r methods o f f i r e pro
p ro p e r manadement o f the m a jo r f o r e s t t y p e s .
o m o f w hich a r e . o f c o u r s e , a s common to y o u r r e g io n as to
OU^Be
« . have a n o th e r S t a t i o n a t M is s o u l a , Uontan-i known
w ork d e a ls w ith Idaho and
ttos..
T h e i r p ro b le m s l i e c h i e f l y i n the
Mount a i
P o r e s t s , o f whioh th e w . s t e r n w h it e p in e i s the*^moat
^ p o r t a n t _ t r . e . _ - e have a s t a t i o n i n Few X ^ ^ i a ^ at ^ 'lA ^ rrs i
: w o j^ ^ ^ e a ls ve y l a r g e l y a t p r e s e n t w it h the
s p ru o e f o r e s t s o f the n o r t h e a s t .

ir oaae you d e s ir e to g et in touch with any o f the
S t a t io n s , I would suggest that you w rite to the L ir e o t o r s
p e r s o n a lly .
Theie i s en closed a copy o f a l i s t o f the
F orest xperiment S t a t io n s , w ith th e ir addresses.
in o

trus th a t i t w i l l be p o s s i b l e f o r you
to come e a s t ,a s you have planned and when you do i would
lik e
ry luch indeed to meet you and a ls o to have you me
a numbe o f
th
men here in aahingt
Very s i n c e r e l y y ou rs.

(S g d .) £• N. Munns
o t i n g C h ief.
F orest Experiment S ta tio n s
t

QiLosures.
Program o f work, e t o . . sent
under separate o o v e r.

i
i

*1

r-

t
I

ADDSSSSES OP THE PBDEHAl POHSST EXPEHmaTT

STATIONS

D ir e c to r ,
A p p a l a c h i a Forest Bxperirrent a ta tlo n
A s h e v i l l e . N.C.
“ ‘'■ion.

A>ireotor,
Southern Forest Experiraent S ta tio n ,
New Orleans, La,
D ir e c to r ,
Northeastern Forest Experiment S ta tio n ,
- • ^ e r s t , Mass.
D irecto r
Lake S ta te s Forest
xperlment s t a t i o n .
s i t y Farm
Minn
•*^lrector.
F r i e s t h iv er F o M s t £.xperiment S ta tio n .
^ n t a n a B u ildin g, Miaaoula, Mont

Itu rlst
Fremont

^^eriraent S ta tio n
Colorado S r r in g s . uolo

Di

w w w

a a

Southwestern Forest
Fueriment
F la g s t a ff A rlz.

Statl

D irector,
P a c i f i c N.W, Forest -xperlraent
'Station,
P ortland, Ore
•ashing ton.

Ulapp
‘^ard Sheppard
G. k.Sudworth

E. N. luTLnna
R
Brown

C h ief o f Research

s s l s t a n t C h ie f
dendrology
xperiment S ta tio n s
Forest Measurements

COPY.
United S tatesM l . . .department
o
f
-Iffrioulture
____
/ o r e s t S ervice
F orest Experimeixt S ta tio n
June

1924 .

Mr. P.M. Barr,
/ o r e s t Branch,
-’'epartment o f Lands,
Prinoe George,▼ B.C
-^ear Ur.

B a rr:

7**’^ ” 7°^ I n t e r . s t . d t o know from your e t t e r
J?
****“ Pl«o*d in charge o f the
O o lu S b ir ^ ® ! ~
Experiment S ta tio n in B r it is h
f o r 1922‘ w h l c r 's ? B ™ i ^
“ ®®Py
i n x e s t i g a t i v e re p o rt
« ? r * T :_ -7
v a rio u s a o t i v i t i e s o f t h is
s t o l o n as proposed and l a t e r c a r r ie d out in gen eral c o n fe r
PiaM o u t - l i n e d .
Our re p o rt f o r 1923 i s
r i S o h L ui t r m i ^ L g r a p h e d
b "L n ?
* » »oon as i t comes in a copy M U
th ese r e p o r ts oover o n ly the la r g e
i n v e s t i g a u v . ,o r k .- ^ 'v h ; ’' d r t a i r r s ^ s e r ^ d
M m e o g ra p h e j ^ H h io h , 1
4 1 s t r i h n t i o ; : '“' i ; ; r ‘e s“ .ourd b .
is* ??t
J?®
them, although
H / I t ? w ° o ? h e r 'p ? o ) e o ? s ? "
P O ^ ih ly f o r
^or m ^ i f e s t reasons the r e p o r t as p epared f o r
d i s t r i b u t i o n does not go in to the fin a n c e s o f the s t a t i o n .
o f f i c e s in ir s h e v ille
fxxcxu
i e l d fl a o i lm
i t ii e s oth er than seed beds
hedn *or<ed
o p e r a tio n with a nearby pulp and paper
p
la
t
paper p la t

but as y e t no
in co
and
a
and a h it h e r t o

in w ^ r * i a?e
®®®®®"t o f the la rg e t e r r i t o r y
or L b ! » t B t , “ 7 ! ! ; ^ ^ J 2 f . i L ^ ® _°®®®®«®^.to d e v e lo p working c e n te r s
? t f f e r e n t r e p r e s e n t a t iv e p ^ I n L ^ ' o ^ v e r U o f
th ese are contemplated but work h i s b e e r M a r ^ ^ ^ r o n o n l T o n e o L t e r
in c o - o p e r a t io n with o . r L S o l l e ^ e ! X s ?
o f our work has been o f an l i t e n s i v e p relim in a ry nature.
Dhaaea o f
0“ o l o s i n g one or two r e p r in t s c o v e r in g
pnases o f th e work so far done a t t h i s S t a t io n .
V
ery s i n c e r e l y yours
( S g d .; sl, r . Frothingham
D ire cto r.

c 0

p

Y

United States Department o f A g r ic u ltu r e
Forest Servloe
N ortheastern Forest Exueriraent S ta tio n
Amherst. Mass.
August 1 . 1 9 2 4 .

M-r, P. M.Barr,
0/0 The D i s t r i o t F o r e s t e r ,
Prlnoe ^eorge, B. C.
Dear Ur. Barr:
Your l e t t e r o f July 71 must h a v e crossed m in e o f
July 1 6 . Since t h is s t a t i o n has been in o p e r a tio n l e s s
than a y e a r, I am so rry to say that we have not y e t is
sued any p u b lic a t io n s that can be sen t you.
ih ere i s .
however, now being mimeographed a statement as to f o r e s t
in v e s t!g a ti
now under w^y in the Northe s t . In clu d in g
those being handled by the Experiment S t a t io n , a oopy o f
which I s h a ll be g la d ho send you as soon as i t i s ready
I f you a re in t e r e s t e d to see the working p ans f)r our
spruce growth
y i e l d , spru
fiethods o f c u t t in g ard
ta p er and volume s t u d i e s .
h a ll be glad to have c o p ie s
sent you when they can be
Par
As you i r l l l see
the bulk o r our work so f a r is wi th spru
Jaok pine
is so soaroe in t h i s r e g io n as to be o f l i t t l e more than
tani
in te re st.

1 am asking the N shington o f f i o e to send you
wh n ready a oopy o f the b ib lio g r a p h y e n t i t l e d ’’ F orest
Problems o f the N orth eastem S t a t e s " , whloh i s now b e in g
mimeographed.
In case you do not have aooesa to any o f
the a r t i c l e s l i s t e d there in whloh you are i n t e r e s t e d .
yoi: oan d o u b tle s s arrange to see them through the Washing
ton o f f i c e o f the F orest -i>ervice.
I hope we s h a ll be a b le to keep in touch with
each o t h e r ’ s a c t i v i t i e s , and s h a l l be vory glad to send
you from time to time any ma
from here that may
appear to be o f s p e c i a l i n t e r e s t .
Copies o f o f f i c e memo
randa or p u b lic a t io n s o f i n t e r e s t to us which may be pre
pared at your station w ill be appreciated in return
V

ery s i n c e r e l y you rs.

^,igd. ) S.T.
Director.
1

COPY
united s t a t e s Department o f A^rJculture
Forest o e r v lc e
P a c i f i c Northwest Forest Exp. S ta tio n
Portland cregon.
July 17, 1924.

Mr. P

M, ^ a r r ,J r .F o r e s t e r .
Department o f Lands,
P rin c e George, n .c

A^ear S ir :
ilirough UT. Jiunns’ l e t ' e r o f July 1 to you, copy
o f which was sen t to me I have been very much in t e r e s te d
in le a r n in g o f the establishm ent o f a f o r e s t experiment
s t a t i o n in h r i t i s h Columbia.
There are so many p o in ts o f reaemblano between
the t e r r i t o r y
red b our newly crea ted
iment
s t a t i o n he. o and your
t is h Columbia that i fo r e s e e
g re a t b e n e f i t s t o be derived by an interchange o f data and
ideas a cro s s the 1
As you a e aware we have been doing
some resea rch f o r y ea rs h ere, p a r t ly through the l o c a l Wind
R iver ^ p e r im e n t s t a t io n and p a r t ly through the D l e t r l o t
O f f i c e in Portland
A r e c e n t a p p r o p r ia tio n promises a very
al enlargement o f out work whioh has already oommeno
I t i s to o soon, however to s t a t e e x a c t ly the l i n e s o f
endeavor we w i l l oonoentrate on at the s t a r t but we exneot to
form ulate a program tha
i l l look some wa.r into the fu tu re
during the coming month
-^t presen t we are con tin u in g in
the w io in it y o f .tind R iver the wo
which has been under way
there f o r some time.
tabky the study o f the m e t e o r o lo g ic a l
c o n d it io n s that lead up to aoute f i r e danger and the
ans
o f p re d icti
them
«e hope to do much work on our f i r e
problems, p a r t i c u l a r l y the determ lnati
of
lam m ability
c o n d it io n s , the beh avior o f f i r e s on a l l kinds o f s i t e s and
typ es, and the progno
o f dangerous
ndttions
I ha
al
e n t ly put in the f i e l d a small crew
to tudy y i e l d o f Douglas f i r stands and they w i l l work
in normal f u l l y - s t o c k e d
second grow th" from about 40 to about
140
ars o f age
?hi w i l l supplecient the c o n s id e r a b le amount
o f wor done in 1909 and 1911
•*e ex p ect to make t h i s a
p r o j e c t and to gather a
ient amount o f data to prepare
rather com'-»rehensive y i e l d t a b le s f o r a l l v a r i e t i e s o f
c o n d U io n s found in the ^ouglas f i r b e l t o f western Oregon and
ashington
»‘ e w i l l am plify t h i s study l a t e r by p u ttin g in
many more permanen
ample
.
I t seems to me that i t
w i l l b m u t ^ l l y h e l p f u l to c o r r e l a e the work that we do on
th is sid e o f the l i n e with what you do on the o th e r, e s p e c i a l l y
---------------- 1
r'
w
^
in o rd e r that compari son might be ade
* ’between the y i e l d s in
one country and in the oth^r.
-I-he fundamental p r i n c i p l e s

)

%

•-t

’rite

naLhbor!^*

a p p lica tio n
le a r n more o f your work

4.

®
^
a v a ila b le to you o u t lin e s o-r
any p r o je o t e we are undertaking or anv renn-rto
v
rr ee ss u
lt
from
our mnr^v
^
re
p
o
rts
whioh
may
u lt from our work th st may
o f n S e ^ i r t t| you

^ery t r u ly y ou rs.
(S g d .) Thornton
D ire cto r.

^

•

T. Munger

CO

P

y

United -atates Jepartment o f A g ricu ltu re
F orest S erv ice
N ortheastern F orest Experiment s t a t io n
Amherst, Mass.
July 16, 1924.

Mr. P.M. Bar
Junior F o r e s te r ,
■department o f Land
F rin ce George, 3
■dear Mr.Barr:
^.Munna has sent me a copy o f h is l e t t e r o f
July 1 to you.
From t h is I Judge th at you are
fu t u r e , and
?n
be p o s s ib le f o r you to in clu d e Amherst
in your i t i n e r a r y .
Ye should be more than glad o f an
^ R .t a oqu a ln t.d and to t e i r ^ f u aom ^M ng
S to ? ?
^ 4*
Isarn more o f Exreriment
S ta tio n a c t i v i t i e s and plans In B r i t i s h Columbia.
Very s i n c e r e l y y o u rs.
( « g d . ) 3 ,T .
D ir e c t o r

Lot 2688
160 acres
Logged In 1926 - Examined I 950
Stand and Stock Table
D.B.H
Claes

Spruce

Bfe]Ram

No.

Volume f .b .m .

No.

8

1 5 .0

300

16.4

328

10

11.k

456

23.6

944

12

8,6

774

8.6

774

lU

5 .0

775

6.5

1,008

16

L .3

989

3 .6

828

18

0 .7

214

0.7

277

20
22

T ota le

0 .7

336

45.7

3,844

Volume f .b .m .

0

59.4

4 ,1 5 9

COPY
Department o f the I n t e r i o r
Canada
FORESTRY

BRANCH
OTTAWA. 25th June. 1924

S ir :
I beg to acknowledge the r e c e ip t o f your l e t t e r
o f June l o t h , and nde with i n t e r e s t that you have been
placed in charge o f experim ental work in co n n e ctio n with the
Northern zixperimental s t a t i o n o f the B r i t i s h Columbia ^sorest
Branch•

£no

Ir egard to your requ est f o r memoranda or
c l r o u l a r s d e a lin g with i n v e s t ig a t i v e work c a r r ie d on by
our Branch , we have prepared a "F orest Research Manual
which is in the oo
o f p u b lic a t io n
<hen t h i s i s
a v a ila b le in
inted form we w i l l be p lea sed to l e t you have
a oopy.
in the meantime i am ending you the fo llo w in g
memoranda and
ro u la r
The Uae o f B t a t i s t i o a l Methods in F orest i n v e s t i g a t i v e
"ork .
F orest I n v e s t ig a t iv e work o f the -dominion F orest S e r v ic e .
Natural eproduotion on C ut-over Areas
o i a l R e g e n e r a t io n : F la n t ln g

oreneral I n s t r u o t i
f o r Working Plan “Purveys
Memorandum on Thinnings
Number o f Permanent P lot
ary to ob t in an Average.
Most o f th is m a teria l is contained in our Manual
in s l i g h t l y a lt e r e d form
Ve hope t h i s
a l w i l l be o f use
to you
I t is very probable that we w i l l take advantage
o f your o f
o f c o - o p e r a t io n l a t
on and we w i l l be p lea sed
to r e c e i v e , a t any time, e i t h e r d e s c r ip t io n s o f any f o r e s t
g a tiv e work which you have i n i t i a t e d , or any r e s u l t s
which you have
ined from your vx)rk.
Your obedien t se rv a n t,
(i>gd.) B.Roy Cameron
B.

Ac t i n g D ir e c t o r .
P.M.Parr, xiq.
B.C. F o re st Breinoh,
r in c e

eorge

B