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The patient was later given copious
draughts of alcoholic beverages, until
he was as drunk as a lord. This
treatment continued for about seven
days. Too intoxicated to be fed
in the ordinary manner, the patient
was given glucose and other nutri-
ents by medical means. Tonics were
also given liberally. Results were
phenomenal. Patients doomed to an
‘early expectancy of death, now began
to recover. Only those who had al-
ready sustained serious and irrepair-
able damage to their systems by rav-
aging trichine failed to respond. We
are told that nowadays more effec-
tive means are at hand to meet this
dread condition. But this story
shows that alcohol, a killer if abused,
can also be a saviour.

HEREDITARY FACTORS

Most people are familiar with the
term “heredity,” but relatively few
know the scientific background be-
hind the term. An Austrian monk,
Gregor Johann Mendel, who died in
1884, was one of the first to investi-
gate the field of heredity by scientific
experiments. Since he led the way,
many others have followed and de-
veloped his “law of independent
untt characters.”’ In considering
blood as an aid to investigation and
Justice, it might not be amiss to deal
briefly with heriditary factors in the
four main groups, the sub-groups,
and the other types.

It has been shown without possi-
bility of contradiction, that the
father and mother govern the blood
group of their offspring. While we
do not intend to go into this matter
very deeply, there is a definite table
showing the “‘possible’’ group of a
child born of parents of specified
blood grouping. Thus, for instance,
if a father belongs to Group ‘‘O”’
and the mother also belong to the
Same group, all children will be
Group “O.” But if the father is
Group ‘‘O” and the mother is Group
“B,”’ the children may be either of
Page Fifty-two

Group “O” or “‘B,”’ but not Group
“A” or “AB.” To avoid misunder-
standing, another example must be
cited. Say a father is of Group ‘‘A’”’
and the mother Group ‘‘B,” then
children may be of any group, in-
cluding “‘O.’”’ For those interested,
tables are available showing all the
heriditary possibilities. When we
take the other factors into consider-
ation, including the “‘Rh,”’ we find
that there are some 288 possible
classifications.

Paternity tests are frequently re-
sorted to in law with reference to
legitimacy or inheritance, but it
must be understood that definite
proof can only be shown in the nega-
tive, never in the positive. To clarify,
it is frequently possible to say that
such and such a child could not
have been the child of two specified
persons, but it would be impossible
to say that a child was the offspring
of two people. You could only say
that such a conclusion was possible,
but not conclusive.

The application of the laws of
heredity in blood groups can be illus-
trated by the following example. A
young man comes forward and
claims an estate, saying that he is the
son of Mr. and Mrs. Blank who
have recently died. He asserts he left
home as a child and traveled to a
distant country with a relative who
has since passed away. The claimant
produces some proof of origin, and
his story is so well told that serious
consideration will be given him. The
other relatives, however feel that he
is an imposter, and that the son who
left as a child is long dead, leaving
them sole legatees. The claimant is
then asked to submit to a blood
group test. Refusal will not help his
claim. A civil court might regard
with suspicion such unwillingness to
prove identity. So he probably will
concur and have a group test made.
Now the two late parents may have
been in hospital at some time where
blood groups were taken. The hos-

pital records show that the father
was of Group “A,” while the mother
was a Group “O.” The claimant’s
test shows him to belong to Group
“B.” There is no doubt that he is an
imposter for it would be impossible
that an “A’’ and an “‘O” should
have a “‘B”’ child. Let us say, how-
ever, that the claimant was an “O,”
in which case the results would be
inconclusive, because children of the
late couple could have been of Group
“O,”’ though there is nothing to in-
dicate the claimant was actually their
child. In discussing this illustrative
case we have ignored the other fac-
tors for the sake of simplicity.

In concluding this article, it may
also be pointed out that other body
fluids may give valuable assistance in

the solution of crime. Perspiration,
saliva, nasal secretions and _ other
physiological fluids such as tear

drops may often be identified as com-
ing within the four main groups.
This, however, is dependant on
whether the person from whom the
fluid came is a “‘non-excretor’’ or
not. There are perhaps 50 per cent
of the people who belong to this
category, therefore the person must
be a “‘secretor’’ and there must be a
sufficiency of the stain available for
grouping to meet success.

As indicated at the beginning of
this article, it is by no means all in-
clusive, merely presenting a general
outline of what can be done with
blood and other fluids in the field of
criminal investigation. If any of
our readers are sufficiently interested
in the subject to require more explicit
information, we will be only too
pleased if requested to supply the
names of a number of good books
dealing with blood and physiological
fluids.

Most people wrongfully assume
(and some actually believe) the Juy-
enile Delinquent to be a criminal.—
Clay Dean, The Reformatory Pillar.

THE SHOULDER STRAP