PERCEIVED IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON HEALTH AND WELLNESS OF
OLDER ADULTS IN NORTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA

by

Amita Gabriel
Master in Commerce, University of Pune, India, 1994
Master in Personnel Management, University o f Pune, India, 1996

THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF
MASTER OF SOCIAL WORK

UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA
April 2014

© Amita Gabriel, 2014

UMI Number: 1525677

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Abstract
This research rests on earlier research suggesting that there is a definitive connection
between physical activity and the health and wellness of older adults. Aspects of this connection
were examined through a qualitative research project with a sample of older adults in Prince
George, the largest city in northern British Columbia, Canada. The research explored the
experiences and perspectives of older adults about the impact o f physical activity on their health
and wellbeing. Using a purposeful sampling method, data was generated through focus group
and in-depth interviews. The data generated was analyzed using thematic analysis. The
following eight themes emerged from the data analyzed: (1) Enthusiasm to learn more about and
be involved in physical activity, (2) Effects of northern climate on involvement in physical
activity, (3) Prominent physical activity, (4) Impact of physical illness, (5) Reason for being
involved in physical activity, (6) Reasons for not being involved in physical activity, (7) Physical
activity contributes to good health, and (8) Other views on physical activity in the community.
The findings of this research are expected to benefit older adults, their families, and
Northern Health and its agencies / programs involved in delivering services to older adults in
Prince George and neighboring towns.

Table of Contents
Abstract.............................................................................................................................................ii
Table of Contents............................................................................................................................iii
Acknowledgement..........................................................................................................................vii
Chapter 1: The Research.................................................................................................................1
Introduction.....................................................................................................................................1
The Research...................................................................................................................................1
Rationale for the Study.................................................................................................................. 2
Significance o f the Issue................................................................................................................ 3
Research Question Investigated......................................................................................................4
Theoretical Framework.................................................................................................................. 4
Definition o f Term s........................................................................................................................5
Older adults.................................................................................................................................. 5
Physical activity........................................................................................................................... 6
Northern communities................................................................................................................. 6
Health and wellness..................................................................................................................... 7
Summary.........................................................................................................................................7
Chapter 2: Literature Review.........................................................................................................8
The Link of Physical Activity to Health and Longevity of L ife...................................................8
Contextual Influence on A ging....................................................................................................15
Diminishing Physical Activity with Advancing A g e..................................................................17
Barriers to Physical Activity in Older Adults............................................................................. 18
Perspectives on Health and Activity among the Older Adults.................................................... 19
Perspectives on What Contributes to Quality o f Life................................................................. 20
Overview of Literature Reviewed............................................................................................... 21
Chapter 3: Research Methodology............................................................................................. 23
Qualitative Approach................................................................................................................... 23
Sampling...................................................................................................................................... 24
Recruitment of Participants.......................................................................................................... 25

Participants for focus group...................................................................................................... 25
Participants for in-depth interviews.......................................................................................... 26
Data Collection............................................................................................................................. 26
Focus group................................................................................................................................27
In-depth interviews.................................................................................................................... 29
Demographic questionnaire.......................................................................................................31
Data Analysis................................................................................................................................ 31
Coding........................................................................................................................................32
Steps to Ensuring Rigor............................................................................................................... 32
Credibility of data...................................................................................................................... 32
Transferability o f the data......................................................................................................... 33
Reflexivity and research journal............................................................................................... 33
Ethical considerations................................................................................................................34
Chapter 4: Results of the Research............................................................................................. 36
Thematic Structure........................................................................................................................37
Analysis of Data.............................................................................................................................. 39
Thematic Analysis........................................................................................................................39
1. Enthusiasm to learn more about and be involved in physical activity....................................39
1.1: Desire to read about physical activity..............................................................................39
1.2: Information and knowledge key factors to achieve physical fitness.............................. 40
1.3: Assumption that physical activity involves exercising................................................... 40
2. Effects of northern climate on involvement in physical activity........................................... 40
2.1: Less outdoor exercises in the winter................................................................................40
2.2: Loneliness contributing to less physical activity.............................................................41
2.3: More activity possible in the North than in South.......................................................... 42
3. Prominent physical activity.................................................................................................... 42
3.1: High activity level o f all participants in summer involving outdoor activities............... 42

3.2: Adjustments for physical activity with the onset of winter............................................43
3.3: Participants involved in high levels of exercises............................................................ 44
4. Impact of physical illness........................................................................................................44
4.1: Five participants had physical illness............................................................................... 44
4.2: Participants feel healthy all year round............................................................................ 45
5. Reasons for being involved in physical activity.....................................................................45
5.1: Motivation plays a very important role............................................................................ 45
5.2: High level o f activities with grandchildren..................................................................... 45
5.3: Physical activity helps to be independent........................................................................46
5.4: Companionship helps engage in physical activity.......................................................... 46
5.5: Good health - a basic need felt by older adults............................................................... 47
5.6: Involvement in physical activity to remain flexible........................................................47
5.7: Physical activity helped avoid chronic pains and stresses.............................................. 48
5.8: Goals help motivate to be involved in more physical activity........................................48
6. Reasons for not being involved in physical activity.............................................................. 48
6.1: Illness.................................................................................................................................48
6.2: Mobility due to arthritis and other leg problems.............................................................48
7. Physical activity contributes to good health...........................................................................49
7.1: Involvement in physical activity......................................................................................49
7.2: Physical activity and healthy lifestyle............................................................................. 49
7.3: Multiple facilitators for physical activity........................................................................ 49
7.4: Physical activity a benefit to all....................................................................................... 49
8. Other views on physical activity in the community............................................................... 50
8.1: Satisfied with the level of physical activity performed................................................... 50
8.2: Joining senior’s centers is time consuming..................................................................... 50
8.3: Seniors centres do not always cater to older adults including those with physical
disability............................................................................................................................... 50
8.4: Older adults facilities in the North are expensive........................................................... 50

vi

8.5: More seniors’ centers in the city than in the outskirts......................................................51
8.6: Older adult helpers do not have gerontological background........................................... 51
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................51
Chapter Five: The Discussion......................................................................................................53
Findings in Relation to the Literature.......................................................................................... 53
Implications for Research, Policy and Practice........................................................................... 54
Limitations of the Study............................................................................................................... 55
Suggestions for Future Research..................................................................................................56
Chapter Six: Conclusion.............................................................................................................. 57
Appendix A: Participant Invitation Poster.................................................................................69
Appendix B: Letter from Prince George Council of Seniors...................................................70
Appendix C: Demographic Questions for All Participants.....................................................71
Appendix D: Focus Group Questions.......................................................................................... 73
Appendix E: Individual Interview Questions............................................................................ 74
Appendix F: Letter from Prince George Council of Seniors...................................................75
Appendix G: Information Sheet.................................................................................................. 76
Appendix H: Consent Form ..........................................................................................................78
Appendix I: TCPS Certificate.....................................................................................................79

Acknowledgement
This thesis is dedicated to the older adults in Prince George who work to improve the
living conditions o f other older adults in the community.
I would like to express my gratitude to my thesis supervisor, Dawn Hemingway, Chair
and Associate Professor in the School of Social Work, for her encouragement and support for all
my learning efforts. Her ongoing comments and guidance have been invaluable on my learning
journey and has helped improve the quality of my work. I also thank my committee members
Dr. Nancy Jokinen, Assistant Professor - Social Work and Dr. Linda O’Neill, Associate
Professor - Education for giving their time to be members of my thesis committee and sharing
their knowledge and experience with me.
Thanks also to Lola-Dawn Fennell, Manager of the Prince George Council o f Seniors,
who helped by letting me use her office facility to conduct my group meeting.
And finally I would like to express my love and thankfulness to my husband Reuben for
his love and patience as I completed my thesis and to my two children Jemima and Joshua for
their support and enthusiasm. Without the support and love o f my family I would not have made
it through my MSW journey.

1

Chapter 1: The Research
Introduction
Older adults are in a stage of life that is often associated with varying degrees of
diminishing health and activity, and increased dependence. The Canadian Government’s Human
Resources and Skills Development website states that older adults comprise the fastest-growing
segment of the Canadian population.
In 2010, an estimated 4.8 million Canadians were 65 years of age or older, a number that
is expected to double in the next 25 years to reach 10.4 million older adults by 2036. By 2051,
about one in four Canadians is expected to be 65 or over (Human Resources and Skills
Development Canada, 2011).
Through a qualitative approach, this research elicits the perspectives o f older adults in
Prince George about the impact o f physical activity on their health and wellbeing. Impact is
defined as physical activity having a positive or negative effect on the health (feeling physically
healthy and warding off the onset o f chronic illness) and wellness (feeling active, alert and
psychologically positive and confident) of older adults (World Health Organization [WHO],
2011). The findings of this research will be beneficial to older adults and their families as well
as to Health agencies / programs involved in delivery of services to older adults in Prince
George.
The Research
People age differently. The human body reaches full maturity and is at its strongest in
early adulthood. From then on there usually is a gradual change in physical health. This change
is influenced by both genetic / internal factors as well as external factors, such as lifestyle,
nutrition, quality of health care, and environment. There are internal changes that are not

necessarily noticed until they begin to influence the activities of daily living and social
interactions. For example, age related changes in the muscular system result in a decrease in
strength and endurance. The degree of loss may depend on the frequency and intensity of
physical activity (McPherson & Wister, 2008). The issue that I have investigated is how older
adults living in Prince George, BC, Canada - a north-central community, perceive or experience
how physical activity impacts their health and wellness.
Rationale for the Study
Living through the severe winter conditions in Prince George, BC has on several
occasions made me think o f the implications to health this relatively harsh environment may
have on vulnerable people living with physical and mental health issues. My particular interest
in older adults has inspired me to take this concern further by conducting research on the subject
of the health and wellness o f older adults, in particular, physical activity issues and aging.
While considerable research on issues relating to the health and well being of older adults
has been undertaken, studies located in the North are relatively fewer in number. This may be
because a majority o f Canadians live in the South. The 2006 census (Statistics Canada, 2006),
notes that an overwhelming 80% of Canada’s population lives in urban areas. Many Canadians
live in the South, where health care services for older adults are relatively more readily available.
Other services such as sporting and recreational facilities, family doctors, specialist medical
professionals and so on too are fewer in the North when compared to those available in the South
(Collier, 2006). Further, the weather is not as severe in the South as it is in Prince George.
Prince George is the largest city in northern British Columbia, and has been known as
BC’s northern capital (City o f Prince George, 2011, p. 1). The first pulp mill, Prince George
Pulp and Paper, began operating on the outskirts of the city in 1964. Within two years another

3

couple of pulp industries, Northwood Pulp and Intercontinental Pulp, were established. People
from diverse backgrounds came to work in the mills, and contributed to the emerging eclectic
culture of the city (Christensen, 1989, p. 114). Many o f those who may have joined the pulp
mills in the mid 1960s have now retired and, along with their husbands or wives, comprise a
large segment of the city’s older adults. According to Statistics Canada 2006, the older adult
population in Prince George was 7,860. This was about 9.44% of the total population. The total
population of Prince George in 2006 was 83,223 (Statistics Canada, 2006).
Significance of the Issue
The core issue in this research is the health and wellness of adults aged 65 years and
older, and their connection to, and perceptions o f physical activity. Many factors contribute to
health and wellness, just as there are many other factors that may diminish health and wellness.
Older adults can obtain significant health benefits even with moderate levels of physical activity
when done on a regular basis; activities such as walking, light physical exercise, gardening, and
other indoor and outdoor activities. Research also suggests that with greater levels of physical
activity one can accrue greater health benefits. Research has demonstrated that loss of strength
and stamina attributed to aging, are in part caused by reduced physical activity. Being physically
active helps maintain the ability to live independently. It reduces risks to life and health from
falling. It keeps the heart and other vital organs healthy, and prolongs the onset o f conditions
such as high blood pressure. It reduces the symptoms of anxiety and depression and fosters
improvements in mood and feelings of well-being. Physical activity helps maintain healthy
bones, muscles, and joints and controls joint swelling and pain associate with arthritis (Jackson,
Morrow, Hill, & Dishman, 2004, p. 301-309; Jones & Rose, 2005, p. 39-46). Based on the
established knowledge of the positive contribution physical activity makes to health and

4

wellness, this study examines the perceptions o f physical activity and its connection to health
and wellness among older adults living in Prince George, BC.
Research Question Investigated
The central question of the research is: How do older adults living in Prince George
perceive physical activity to affect their health (feeling physically in good health and warding off
the onset of chronic illness) and wellness (feeling active, alert and psychologically positive and
confident)? There are secondary questions that have also contributed to the investigation.
These are the following: Do older adults think physical activity is necessary to maintain or
improve health and wellbeing? What activities do older adults use to keep physically active?
What hindrances are likely to keep some older adults from being physically active?
Theoretical Framework
I have applied a qualitative approach that is influenced by a constructivist view to gather
information on the perspectives of older adults about the impact of physical activity on health
and wellness. My epistemological belief is that knowledge is constructed by people through
experiences and hence I was influenced by the constructivist philosophy as I did my research to
gather information and it is this knowledge that I have developed into patterns to form meanings.
A constructivist perspective involves developing patterns or theories from the many socially and
historically constructed meanings of individual experiences (Creswell, 2003, p. 8-9). In a
qualitative approach, the researcher studies a phenomenon by asking people about their
perceptions, opinions, beliefs, and attitudes regarding the phenomenon. The researcher observes
and understands the phenomenon in direct relation to how those who experience the
phenomenon understand it (Denzin & Lincoln, 2005, p. 10-11). Thus the emphasis in such
research is to highlight participants' perspective/s rather than impose a perspective from outside.

5

The constructivist approach, like the other approaches in the qualitative methods family, is
person-centered, holistic (and not particularistic), contextual and in-depth (Padgett, 2008, p. 143).
The constructivist view in qualitative research has been adopted in this research also for
the following reasons. Like other qualitative methods it prefers the inductive mode o f study. It
favors "naturalistic observation and interviewing" in order to construct the story (Padgett, 2008,
p. 1-43). Such an approach induces proximity between researcher and the field o f study, and
reduces the scope for outside assumptions to permeate the study and its analysis.
This research was developed based on the perspectives and experiences of the
participants, these perspectives were then developed into patterns to form themes. The findings
are unique to the experiences of older adults in Prince George, BC, which in turn contributes to
the uniqueness of the research. Yet, my findings have aligned with research that has already
been established in the field, including the following: (1) there exists the reality o f deteriorating
physical and mental health with advancing age (Chipperfield, 2008, p. 349-357); (2) a
deterioration of health need not be quick and inevitable (McPherson & Wister, 2008, p. 190222); (3) it can be prolonged and even reversed; and sustained physical activity offers an
effective means to the prolonging and reversal of deterioration in health in an individual’s
advancing years o f life (McPherson & Wister, 2008, p. 190-222).
Definition of Terms
A few important words and phrases used in this study which are of vital significance for
the research require defining. This is done below:
Older adults. Statistics Canada defines older adults or seniors as people who are 65
years and older (Dandy & Bollman, 2008, p. 1-56). Some researchers further classify older

6

adults into the following categories: ‘younger old’ as those in the age group of 65 - 74 years,
‘older old’ are those between the ages of 75-84 and ‘oldest old’ are those 85 years and older
(Novak, 2006, p. 83). For the purpose of this research older adults were defined as people who
are 65 years and over, which is the age when people normally retire from work and tend to lead
more sedentary lives (Dandy & Bollman, 2008, p. 1-56).
Physical activity. This research uses the World Health Organization definition of
physical activity. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines physical activity as “any
bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure” (World Health
Organization [WHO], 2011). Physical activity also implies any bodily activity that maintains or
enhances physical fitness and overall health (World Health Organization [WHO], 2011).
Northern communities. Northern communities are isolated, rural, and relatively thinly
populated communities that are scattered over 80% of land mass in Canada’s northern region.
Together they constitute only about 7% of the nation’s population (Statistics Canada, 2006).
These communities tend to have a smaller population, relatively younger average age, and have
higher population levels o f Aboriginal people than those in the South. Northern communities are
in general less economically diverse and have lower employment rates, lower educational levels,
relatively poorer health, and occasionally higher crime rates (Conference Board of Canada, 2011;
Delaney & Brownlee, 2009; Zapf, 1993). Prince George does not fully match this profile of a
northern community. Yet, in relation to the lower mainland BC, it still bears the dominant
features of a northern community in terms of relative population size, winter weather conditions,
and scarcity of amenities. For this research, Prince George was considered as a northern
community because it is located geographically north compared to cities in southern BC, thus
reflecting the relativity of the concept “North” (Delaney & Brownlee, 2009).

7

Health and wellness. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as “a state
o f complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or
infirmity” (World Health Organization, 2011).
In its list of conditions that express wellness, the Alliance Institute for Integrative
Medicine in the United States includes the following: being emotionally stable, able to think
clearly, being able to love, to create and embrace change, be intuitive, and be spiritually aware
(Alliance Institute o f Integrative Medicine, ad.). Another American agency, The National
Wellness Institute defines wellness as the ability to make choices for a successful life (National
Wellness Institute, n.d.). For the purpose of this research, health and wellness incorporates
elements of both definitions.
Summary
With Canada’s population aging substantially due to the “baby-boomer” bubble, the
health of older adults has assumed increasing importance. Research that addresses impacts of
physical activity on the health and wellness of older adults living in rural, remote and northern
communities remains limited. This research examines if and how older adults in Prince George,
BC see and experience any advantage to their health and wellness from physical activity.

8

Chapter 2: Literature Review
Research in the field of physical activity amongst older adults aged 65 years and over has
been carried out since the mid 1980s. Most studies have been done in Western Europe, the
United States and Canada. An overwhelming 98% of the findings attribute successful aging to a
positive condition of mind and body. Most investigations provide clear and convincing evidence
to demonstrate how physical activity delays the onset of diseases, promotes independence, and
contributes to psychological wellbeing (Novak, 2006, p. 39-45). Novak provides a synopsis of
recent research, especially in the western world, on the connection between physical activity and
overall health. Many studies focus on the benefits of physical activity to the health of older
adults, though a few examine physical activities’ effect on the health of people with disabilities,
those living with debilitating and chronic conditions, and others. According to a recent study
conducted in northern BC, organizations catering to the needs of older adults are not able to do
justice to their service objectives due to shortage of manpower and funding (United Way of
Northern British Columbia, 2009). Findings of this study emphasize the importance of, and need
to pay attention to, the subject of older adults’ health and well being, especially in northern
communities.
The Link of Physical Activity to Health and Longevity of Life
The particular connection between daily physical activity and health in older adults is the
subject of an article by Judith Chipperfield (2008). Chipperfield demonstrates evidence of
everyday physical activity (EPA) increasing longevity o f life in older people. EPA, however, is
not a constant. It tends to decrease with advancing age. Interestingly, Chipperfield’s research
finds that the decrease is more prominent in men than it is in womea The article highlights the

9

importance o f being physically active throughout life on a daily basis in order to experience
health and wellness in ones advanced years (Chipperfield, 2008, p. 349-357).
De Souto Barreto’s (2009) review of 28 articles on physical activity and health suggests
that the articles establish that the physical health, functional and mobility abilities, as well as
psychological conditions of frail older adults can be improved by exercise intervention. Though
De Souto Barreto finds variations in how scholars define frailty, she utilizes Fried et al.’s (2005)
definition in which frailty comprises the five conditions of low physical activity level, weakness,
slowness, shrinking, poor endurance, and diminishing energy. The key implication De Souto
Barreto gleans from her review o f the 28 articles - that physical exercise enables frail older adults
to recover physical and psychological wellbeing, complements the majority view in published
research that a physically inactive lifestyle is a chief indicator of frailty.
Research on the benefits of physical activity to healthy aging is rather recent, according
to authors McPherson and Wister (2008). They point out that it is only since the early 1990s that
experts have focused on studying the connection between physical activity and healthy aging.
The key to a healthy life as the years advance, according to the authors, is engagement in
physical activity that is equivalent of a brisk walk for 30 minutes most days of the week.
McPherson and Wister list six health benefits in old age which result directly from physical
activity. They are: “increased life satisfaction, confidence, increased self-worth; reduced
morbidity and mortality; reduced risk of cognitive impairment; improved physical health, and
functional ability, especially in flexibility, balance, strength, and endurance; less stress, and
depression; and a higher self-reported quality of life” (p. 205). McPherson and Wister also
present impressive detail o f the growing trend since 1994 of people past middle age engaging in
leisure-time physical activity. Inactivity, according to the authors, is found to be more in

10

women, the less educated, those from lower income backgrounds, and those living in rural
communities and small towns. The distinction also has a geographic character. Older people in
western Canada are more active than their compatriots in eastern Canada. Older people’s
increasing inclination in favor o f being physically active has been found to be largely due to the
following reasons: (1) awareness of the benefits o f physical activity to health; (2) the positive
role played by the media in spreading this knowledge; (3) society’s changing perceptions of
older adults; and (4) older people’s self interest in maintaining an active lifestyle (McPherson &
Wister, 2008, p. 204-205). McPherson and Wister’s research does not apparently address the
other side of the issue - of sedentary lifestyles and their consequences on Canada’s aging
population. Statistics of those suffering from chronic illnesses related to a sedentary lifestyle
could have further strengthened the importance of what the authors have sought to convey about
the merits o f physical activity. Another related issue that needs addressing is that of diet. Diet
directly affects physical activity. Certain foods contribute to obesity and diminished physical
activity. Similarly eating in unrestricted quantities contributes to obesity and diminished
physical activity. These behaviors can induce morbidity and the onset of chronic illnesses
(French, Story, & Jeffery, 2001, p. 309-335).
Chappell, McDonald, and Stones (2008) take a comprehensive look at issues in
gerontological studies. Of particular interest to this current research were the sections on
physical activity (p. 167-190). The authors acknowledge that advancing age tends to cause
muscular degeneration and adversely affects the functionality o f vital organs. Though the onset
of the degenerative process cannot be stopped entirely, they suggest that its effects can be slowed
through correctional devices and through a positive attitude and active lifestyle. On a positive
note they observe that since World War II physical activity among older adults has increased.

11

Yet about 25% of people above 65 years of age still suffer from chronic disabilities making them
more likely to be physically inactive. In the case of the majority, i.e. 70% of the older
population, physical competence is either diminishing or has been lost due to lack o f physical
activity. Only about 5% of the population over 65 years o f age experience relatively good health
and physical activity (Chappell et al., 2008, p. 189).
Stiggelbout, Popkema, Hopman-Rock, Greef and Mechelen, (2004) conducted a study
on 277 participants 65 years and older, to test their health related quality of life and their
functional status. All 277 participants lived independently in the community. The study was
conducted by administering an exercise program for the participants. Based on the findings of
their research the authors recommend moderate physical activity for individuals 65 years and
older. They argue that moderate physical activity reduces the chances of injury. The intensity of
physical activity even in older people can be gradually increased. Hence it is just right,
according to the authors, for older adults to start and continue with moderate physical activity
until such time that they feel the need to increase it. The authors also observe that recent studies
have shown that exercising at least once a week plays an important role in maintaining and
improving physical health. Good physical health enables older adults to be independent and
ehminates the need for short term or long term care services (Stiggelbout, et. al., 2004, p. 83-88).
In a quantitative study conducted over a 30 days period, Abell, Hootman, Zack, Moriarty,
and Helmick (2005) focus their investigation on the benefits of physical activity to the good
health of people suffering from arthritis or other chronic joint symptoms (CJS). The researchers
found that those people with arthritis and CJS who did not engage in any physical activity were
“1.2-2.4 times more likely to report impaired health related quality of life (HRQOL) compared
with those who met physical activity recommendations” (p. 380). Even among those who were

12

physically active, but not sufficiently physically active, the study found a reduction in HRQOL.
In contrast, the study found that those sufferers of arthritis and CJS who regularly performed the
recommended levels of physical activity had significantly reduced physically and mentally
unhealthy days. They also were not likely to have a severe impairment of physical or mental
HRQOL. Drawing their information from other sources, Abell et. al. observed that “regular
physical activity can reduce arthritis related pain, improve function, and delay disability without
promoting disease progression among persons with arthritis” (p. 380-385)
Segal, Crespo, and Smit, (1998) begin their article with a strong admonition in the title:
Active Seniors: Protect Them, D on’t Neglect Them. The article is a report by three leading
health professionals in the United States on the connection between activity and health of seniors
in that country. It begins by reflecting on the casual approaches to health and life-style among
American seniors and warns in the very first statement that “the public health issues that arise
from a sedentary, aging U.S. populace ... should be a cause for alarm” (p. 137). Based on
nationwide numerical data on the percentages of men and women who were 65 years and older
and their attitudes to physical activities the authors observe that the United States “is a nation of
couch potatoes, becoming ever more potato-like as we age” (p. 137). They quote Bokovoy and
Blair (1994) to stress the importance of physical activity to maintain good health in seniors.
“Physical activity,” they write “plays an important role in improving mental health and in
promoting a healthy, strong musculoskeletal system, enabling older adults to maintain an optimal
level of functioning” (p. 137). Among the undesirable conditions that set in because of a
physically inactive lifestyle, according to them, are “chronic and disabling diseases, premature
aging, a loss of physical independence, and premature mortality” (p. 137-138). Segal, Crespo,
and Smit rely on Bokovoy and Blair’s optimism in the contention that a deterioration o f health

13

leading to its impairment can be stopped and reversed through an increase in physical activity
(Bokovoy & Blair, 1994, p. 243-260). Segal, Crespo, and Smit also mention that good or bad
health has immediate financial implications, not only for individual seniors but also for the
country. A physically fit society does not burden the health care system of a country. On the
other side, mounting health care costs can cripple the economy of the nation. The researchers
highlight an area that is still largely untouched in studies on physical activity and health, namely
injuries incurred from physical activity. They observe that the lack of adequate research on
injuries incurred from physical activity, how to avoid them, and how to affect self-cure stops
many physicians from recommending physical activity and causes seniors to hesitate at the point
of considering physical activity. Those who have not been physically active for a long time are
among the ones most reluctant to make a fresh start in being physically active. Fearing that they
would increase the possibility of injury, sprains, aches, and falls to their patients, physicians
sometimes do not recommend physical activity (Segal, et. al., 1998, p. 137-139).
The affirmation of physical activity’s contribution to health and physical fitness
continues with Haskell, Montoye, and Orenstein’s (1985) research into how physical activity and
exercise contribute to the betterment of health. Among the factors that bring about a positive
change in health are the types of physical activity or exercise, their intensity, duration, and
frequency. Yet these factors do not guarantee uniformity of results. In a few cases the authors
have found these factors not to work. Large muscles, the authors write, are crucial to health and
activity. These muscles when strong provide the body the ease of physical activity. They can be
kept healthy and strong through repeated rhythmic action that enables the muscles to contract.
The regular and patterned repeated action (or activity), preferably on a daily basis, must result in
the expending of energy from 200 to 400 kilocalories (or 4 kilocalories per kilogram of body

14

weight). The activity or exercise must involve resistance and flexibility. However, according to
the authors over-exertion should be avoided because its results could be counterproductive and
damaging to health. The authors end with the suggestion that further research is required on
better specifying what particular aspects o f physical activity and exercise contribute to better
health (Haskell et. al., 1985, p. 202-212).
An evaluation of a health program promoted among low income seniors was the focus of
research conducted at the University of Alberta. The 10-month program was called Active
Living in Vulnerable Elders (ALIVE) (Buijs, Ross-Kerr, Cousins, & Wilson, 2003). Those who
delivered the program visited seniors in their residential apartments to offer health information
sessions, provide printed material on the subject and conduct exercise classes. The program was
evaluated on the following three criteria: participatory response of the target audience; the
impact of the program on participating seniors; and, the overall working of the program. The
foremost reason for participation in the program was that seniors were aware that physical
activity and exercise contributed to good health, and hence were willing to engage in it and
obtain more information about it. The number one reason that kept some seniors from
participating in the program was a preoccupation with other activities that were deemed more
important. A general consensus o f ‘feeling better’ overall (i.e., physically, mentally, and
socially) was the main impact of the program A fun-filled, informal environment that allowed
for social interactions, autonomy and healthy staff-participant interactions contributed to making
the program effective. Participants’ comfort level with regard to the environment in which the
program was conducted was high. The authors evaluated the program’s success with the help of
Pender’s (1996) revised health promotion model (p. 93-107).

15

A national cross-sectional survey conducted at the University o f Bristol involved 2,341
women between the ages of 60 and 79 from 15 British towns (Lawlor, Taylor, Bedford, &
Ebrahim, 2002). The study sought to investigate if older women attained the new levels of
physical activity recommended by the National Health Service of the United Kingdom, the types
o f activity that were recommended, and how the recommended levels o f physical activity were
achieved. The study found that over two-thirds of the women achieved the recommended levels
o f physical activity. This was done primarily through sustained participation in intensive
household manual/physical work. Brisk walking for at least 2.5 hours a week helped avoid
becoming overweight. The study found that there was a direct connection between a lack of
physical activity and self-reported poor health, coronary heart disease, respiratoiy disease, and
even aging. The study also found that women who smoked, had lower socio-economic status, or
lived in northern Britain, were less likely to do brisk walking and physical exercise. But women
belonging to these categories did not show a similar reluctance to doing intensive household
work. Only women who suffered from depression were found not to be engaged in intensive
household work. The study rested on the premise that "regular physical activity is associated
with increased life expectancy and reduced risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes,
hypertension and obesity" (p. 473-478).
Contextual Influence on Aging
Just as EPA is not a constant, the same is true for inactivity. Inactivity, unlike aging, can
be reversed, and the reversal contributes to good health in older adults (Mechling & Netz, 2009).
Mechling and Netz also suggest inactivity increases the prospect of chronic illness. Being
physically active is a cost-effective means of maintaining good health. The authors contend that
aging is not time related. Aging relates to an individual’s circumstances, and how the person

16

adjusts to especially troublesome and challenging circumstances. Lack of positive adjustment
hastens the onset of morbidity which further contributes to the development o f chronic illnesses.
The authors observe that the resources available to restrict or delay normal aging (also called
primary aging) are limited. But secondary aging which is dependent on internal and external
circumstances can be manipulated through intervention measures. The key to health in one’s
advanced years lies in successful aging. Successful aging, according to Mechling and Netz, is
the condition in which one is happy and satisfied with one’s past, content with the present, and
anticipates the future with enthusiasm and eagerness. Such a positive disposition of the mind,
along with regular physical activity contributes to increased life expectancy. The emphasis in
the phrase ‘increased life expectancy,’ according to the authors, does not solely refer to the
duration of life (i.e., in the longevity o f life). Its primary implication is to life’s quality. The
authors show compelling evidence of physical activity succeeding in keeping dreaded illnesses
of the heart, mind and of general physique at bay (Mechling & Netz, 2009).
The influence of circumstance on aging is also addressed by McPherson and Wister
(2008). The authors emphasize that aging is more than a biological degeneration as the years
accumulate. It is a complex social process with micro (individual) and macro (societal)
dimensions.
Baker, Cahalin, Gerst, and Burr, (2005) argue that involvement in social activities
contributes to meaning and purpose in life and results in general well-being. By examining time
spent on meaningful social activities and relating it to corresponding levels of health, the authors
conclude that the quantity o f time spent in meaningful social activity has a direct connection to
levels of well-being. In other words, with increased involvement in meaningful social activity
the condition of health also increased in the participants. The researchers found that when

17

participants were engaged in productive activities they were also able to ward off symptoms of
depression. The study was conducted on a sample of both men and women in America sixty
years and older (Baker et. al., 2005, p. 431-458).
Diminishing Physical Activity with Advancing Age
Tuna, Edeer, Malkoc, and Aksakoglu (2009) established a connection between advancing
age and receding physical activity and functional fitness. The study conducted in Turkey
involving 229 people between the ages of 65 and 87 confirmed the presupposition that age
affects functional fitness. The aspects o f functional fitness evaluated in the research were body
mass index (BMI), lower body strength (LBS), dynamic balance, and aerobic endurance.
According to the researchers functional fitness refers to the ability to conduct one’s daily chores
involving some physical movement and endurance without stress or fatigue. Functional fitness
was found to be directly dependent upon the continued maintenance o f physical activity. Hence
while functional fitness declines with advancing age, physical activity levels do not have to. A
person can continue to be reasonably active physically well into an advanced age. The results
also showed that being active is beneficial to the younger older adults, (i.e., those below the age
of seventy), in maintaining relatively good body mass index (BMI), lower body strength (LBS),
and dynamic balance (Brach, 2009).
Tannenbaum, Ahmed, and Mayo (2007) focused on women’s attitudes to their own
health and quality of life as they become older. Women, the authors observe, had a diminishing
sense of health and quality of life. As women age their expectation of health related quality of
life lowers as compared to when they were younger. Such a feeling, the authors note, was most
prevalent in those women who were over the age of 70 years. The lowered expectations of health
help older women to accept the fact that they cannot perform as well as they did when they were

18

younger. Those women who accepted the eventuality apparently avoided the disappointment
and frustration that came with diminishing health and activity (Tannenbaum et. al., 2007, p. 593605).
Diminishing physical activity contributes to declining productivity. Robertson and Tracy
(1998) critically reviewed literature on age, health, and work. The review began with the
popular assumption that productivity declined with advancing age due to declining health. By
first studying how productivity was conceptualized and operationalized in society, and making a
critical assessment of it, the paper then enquired into the popular assumption stated above. The
paper found that the relatively new approach to the productivity of an aging workforce in the
term ‘work capacity’ had the potential to make an accurate assessment. The paper also reflected
on how the conceptual understanding it promoted would affect both corporate policy and society
(Robertson, et. al., 1998, p. 85-97).
Barriers to Physical Activity in Older Adults
Jackson, Morrow, and Dishman, (2004) suggested that the process of aging begins from
the time a person is conceived until death. Yet, people can assume a certain degree o f control
over the natural process of aging. That control is exercised through lifestyle choices (assuming
choices are available). The authors observed that over 50% of older adults between the ages of
65 and 84 reported difficulties with activities in day-to-day living. The difficulties increased for
those over 85 years of age. Difficulties noted by the authors are demographic, cognitive,
environmental, and social in nature. However, older people responded positively to cardio­
respiratory endurance training and strength training, known to increase strength in frail older
people (Jackson et al., 2004).

19

Perspectives on Health and Activity among the Older Adults
Based in the Netherlands, Puts, Sherkary, Widdershoven, Heldens, Lips, and Deeg,
(2007) explored the meaning o f ‘quality of life’ for older frail and non-frail community dwelling
adults. They argued that although the concept ‘quality of life’ is widely studied, there is no
consensus in the scholarly community on what it means. This has inspired the authors to explore
the many implications o f the term through qualitative interviews conducted with 25 seniors. The
interviews were analyzed using the grounded-theory approach. In the grounded theory approach,
researchers do not begin with a hypothesis. They begin with data collection. The collected data
is grouped under different though connected categories, and codified. In the final stage the
categories are fused into one to create a new theory (Allan, 2003, p. 1-10). Analysis o f the
interviews enabled the researchers to identify five emerging themes: physical health,
psychological well-being, social contacts, activities, and home and neighborhood. The
researchers also observed that the quality of life among seniors in the Netherlands depended on
the possibility of effective medical care, availability of financial resources and a car. Those
seniors who compared themselves with other seniors who had lower socio-economical status
tended to feel good about the quality of their own fives. The researchers observed that the
factors that contributed to an enhanced quality of fife were subject to change as mobility
decreased with age and with the onset of debilitating conditions. Those who experienced such
negative change were more likely to consider themselves as living a lower quality of life than
other healthy and mobile seniors (Puts et al., 2007, p. 263-277).
Grembowski, Patrick, Diehr, Durham, Beresford, Kay, and Hecht (1993) endeavored to
investigate a subject about which, according to them, little is known in research. Do seniors take
measures to keep themselves healthy? What measures do they take to keep themselves healthy?

20

The researchers collected data from their target sample on the following issues: exercise, dietary
fat intake, weight control, alcohol intake, and smoking. The data pointed to differences in health
expectations that led the researchers to classify the issues into two groups. In the first group were
exercise, dietary fat intake, and weight control; while in the next were smoking and alcohol
intake. Those whose health behavior involved all five issues had a reduced level o f self-efficacy
from those who did not participate in the latter two issues, i.e. smoking and alcohol consumption.
At a general level, the study demonstrated that those seniors who took care of their health in
relation to all five issues tended to enjoy better health and weirded off health risks more
successfully. An individual’s socio-economic status affected health-related quality o f life.
Those who had stronger links with society and a more secure economic standing, tended to have
a better health-related quality of life. Those who were determined to eat healthy, exercise,
manage their weight, and avoid alcohol and smoking showed signs of improved health
(Grembowski et al., 1993, p. 89-104).
Perspectives on What Contributes to Quality of Life
The objective o f Rodriguez, Latkova, and Sim (2008) was to probe the connection
between leisure and contentment in life. They indicated that their study is committed to the same
quest that past research has been committed to. In the past, research has sought in a focused
manner to investigate why some individuals or groups of individuals have a better quality of life
than others. The study was conducted on a sample of residents from a Midwestern community in
the United States. It was done using two theoretical frameworks, namely, the activity theory
(leisure) and the need theory (life satisfaction based on a person's assumed standard of life and
the degree to which satisfaction is achieved). There was evidence available for both theoretical

21

perspectives, although a stronger connection between leisure and contentment in life was
observable amongst those whose needs were satisfied (Rodriguez, et. al., 2008, p. 163-175).
Overview of Literature Reviewed
Literature on physical activity and health and wellness in older adults is easily available
but studies on the same subject situated in northern communities such as Prince George were not
available. Nor were studies on older adults’ health and wellness from the perspective of older
adults and as experienced by them. Almost all general literature available on physical activity
emphasizes the many benefits of physical activity to health and wellness in older adults. The
research is good, authentic, clear and convincing.
My research provides insight into whether seniors themselves perceive the benefits of
physical activity to their health. Also, could there be negative effects of physical activity from
seniors’ perspective? There may be some perceived negative consequences of physical activity
for older adults with certain health conditions such as cardio-vascular problems, spinal injuries,
and hypertension. Not all kinds of physical activity can be deemed to be beneficial to health and
wellness, especially in old age (Belardinelli, Georgiou, Cianci, & Purcaro, 1999, p. 1173-1182;
Evans, 1999, p. 13-17; King, Oman, Brassington, Bliwise, & Haskell, 1997, p. 32-37). For
instance, lifting weights and heavy equipment could lead to cardiac emergencies, back injuries
and sprains. Excessive physical activity could lead to stress and hypertension, which too could
hamper health and wellness. Over 2300 years ago the Greek philosopher, Socrates, made the
following observation on this issue: “For both excessive and deficient exercise ruin bodily
strength...” (as cited in Morgan, 2005, p. 266). It has been important for my research to
investigate how seniors themselves viewed physical activity with these concerns and/or liabilities
in mind.

In synopsis, literature on physical activity and health in older adults appears to address
most issues deemed to be important and beneficial for wellness in older adults, but is limited
with respect to the issue of perspectives of seniors themselves and particularly those from the
North. It is addressing this limitation that was the focus of my research.

23

Chapter 3: Research Methodology
The purpose of this research is to develop a better understanding about the perceived
impact of physical activity on older adults who are 65 years and above, as described by older
adults themselves, through a qualitative approach. Data was collected through a focus group and
individual interviews and perspectives from older adults on the impact of physical activity on
their health and wellbeing were obtained. Analysis of data was undertaken using thematic
analysis.
Qualitative Approach
Qualitative research has emerged during the last three or four decades (Creswell, 2003).
This paradigm helps researchers study their topics in “natural settings” and try to understand, or
make meanings of phenomena as perceived by the people participating in the research (Denzin,
2008, p. 312-319). According to Patton (2002), qualitative research involves data collection and
analysis, which are aimed at gaining insight into “people’s behaviors, attitudes, value systems,
concepts of the world around them, motivations, aspirations, culture or lifestyles” ( p. 4-12).
Qualitative research is often used to ask questions about society and developments within it
(Pope & Mays, 2006, p. 4). In qualitative research, data can be collected from interviews, direct
observation, and written documents (Patton, 2002). In this research, I used the qualitative
approach to collect information on physical activity and its effect on the health and wellness of
older adults. Data was collected via two methods - focus group and in-depth individual
interviews.

24

Sampling
I employed purposeful sampling for my study. In purposeful sampling, researchers “seek
first-hand knowledge o f and experience with the circumstances to be studied” (Coyne, 1997, p.
623-630). Higginbottom (2004) suggests that the guiding principle in purposeful sampling
should always be maximum variation in the selection of participants. This will help ensure the
credibility o f the research findings over a broader demographic spectrum (Higginbottom, 2004).
The wide range of older adults, 65 years and above who reside in northern BC, who participated
in the study, had direct knowledge and experience of the impact of physical activity on their
health and wellness. The criteria for my sampling were decided in advance and did not change
during the course of the study (Koerber & McMichael, 2008).
Age was a determining factor in sampling. Just as physical activity varies between
younger older adults (those around 65 years of age) and their older counterparts (75 years and
above) (Jackson et al., 2004), attitudes to physical activity may vary, requiring sampling
according to age. Research has shown that men and women, especially in their advanced years
of life differ in their potential for physical activity. If so, then their attitudes toward, and
opinions o f physical activity too may be different, resulting in the need for gender-based
sampling. Research has also shown that education, or the lack of it, as well as socio-economic
conditions and culture can affect attitudes to physical activity among older adults. Sampling was
undertaken along these lines. In short, sampling sought a range of participants with respect to
age, culture, gender and socio-economic status. I tried to ensure that there was at least one
participant between the age group of 65 to 74, 75 to 84, and 85 and above. I have tried to select
people from various cultural groups in Prince George; for example, participants who identified as
Aboriginal, Caucasian, and East Indian. There was no discrimination in gender and socio

25

economic status, as an equal number of men and women were asked to participate from different
strata of society.
Recruitment of Participants
Participants in this research were older adults 65 years and above, residing in Prince
George. Posters were used to invite older adults to participate in the research (Appendix F).
These posters were made available in seniors’ centres, through the Prince George Council of
Seniors’ office and at older adults’ gathering places such as church, coffee shops, and through
the researcher’s contacts. There were a total of twelve participants for the entire research, six
participants attended the focus group and six participants attended the in-depth interviews.
Participants were given the option to participate in either the focus group or individual interview.
Hence, all participants attended only one interview i.e. either the focus group or the individual
interview for this research. The participants of the focus group were treated to drinks and snacks
and the participants for individual interviews were offered a gift packet containing $20 each, but
not all participants accepted this gift.
Participants for focus group. As indicated previously, posters were put up at the Prince
George Council of Seniors’ office, seniors centers, distributed at older adults gathering places, at
my church gathering, and through word of mouth through myself and my contacts. People
responded by contacting me by email, phone, and personally. For those choosing the focus
group I received a few available dates and set up a date that was convenient to most of those who
responded. There were eleven people who were interested in the focus group but I could set a
common date for only six participants. I made every effort to get an equal number of male and
female participants, but was unsuccessful. I also made sure that older adults from all socio­
economic strata were invited. The focus group was conducted at the Prince George Council of

26

Seniors’ office premises (Appendix H) with six female participants and no male participants.
The focus group session took about an hour. To begin participants filled out the demographic
questions (Appendix E) followed by a discussion based on the focus group questions (Appendix
C). The focus group ended with a question and answer period where the participants were
invited to ask for any clarification on the research and to add any comments that they felt were
not covered during the discussion. Every effort was made to ensure maximum participation. I
followed this up by sending a thank you note to all the participants in the focus group through
email.
Participants for in-depth interviews. The individual interviews were conducted at a
convenient place for the participants. The same method of recruitment as in focus group was
followed in recruiting participants for the individual interviews. Posters for the individual indepth interviews were put up at the Prince George Council of Seniors office, at seniors centers,
cafes where older adults gathered (such as Pine Centre Mall), at a local church, and through my
contacts. All efforts were made to get an equal number of male and female participants and
equal number of older adults from different cultural backgrounds. There were three male and
three female participants for the individual interviews. There were five Caucasian and one
Aboriginal participant. The questionnaire for the individual in-depth interviews is attached in
Appendix D.
Data Collection
Data was collected primarily through one focus group and a series of individual
interviews. There was also a set of demographic questions (e.g., age, gender, education, income
etc.) that was completed by all participants.

27

Focus group. In qualitative research a focus group is a planned discussion of select
people who help generate ideas, perspectives and experiences on a designated subject. Focus
groups meet “in a permissive, non-threatening environment” (Krueger, 1994, p. 6). In this study,
my aim in conducting a focus group was to hear and understand participants’ views and
experiences through group interface (Litoselliti, 2003, p. 1-15).
Focus groups help in obtaining information on the lived experiences of the participants,
and participants’ understanding o f every-day life (Litoselliti, 2003, p. 19-20). Much of the
information is likely to confirm and strengthen existing knowledge. Yet, a researcher is always
looking for information that is new (Litoselliti, 2003, p. 16-27). Focus groups have the potential
to generate multiple perspectives on a subject (Litoselliti, 2003, p. 18-19) because o f the many
people that can contribute to the discussion. They provide clues to why people think or feel
about a topic in a specific way (Krueger, 1994, p. 6).
Through the focus group, perspectives and experiences of the participants were gathered.
Participants shared their experiences on the effect of physical activity in their lives and discussed
its positive and negative impacts. Every participant’s perspectives were heard and recorded. I
observed that when one participant shared information it would trigger a memory for another
participant who then recounted her experience. Lindlof and Taylor (2002) too allude to a
similar experience (p. 182). This helped generate more information from the participants. The
dynamics of social interaction in focus groups is an important one says Reinharz (1992) to glean
information (p. 214-239). Focus groups have limitations too. They are susceptible to the
manipulations of the researcher or of dominant personalities from amongst the participants.
Anonymity within the group is impossible because everyone is known, while confidentiality
depends on the personal ability o f each individual in the focus group to honor the need for

28

confidentiality. The quality and completeness of data collected depend in large part on the
capabilities of the researcher (Litoselliti, 2003, p. 16-27). Focus groups, thus, tend to be
artificially created environments which can influence the responses that are generated (Krueger
& Casey, 2000, p. 5-20). In the course of data collection from focus groups these concerns were
constantly in sight, and every effort was made to draw information that was authentic and
accurate.
A focus group of six participants was undertaken. Open ended questions were used in the
focus group to encourage participants to freely engage in discussion with guidance from the
facilitator. This is the first time I conducted a focus group. With sound theoretical
understanding of how focus groups function, I was able to organize the focus group and the
discussions amongst the participants. There were difficulties such as getting all the respondents
to meet on a particular date. There were more than ten older adults who were willing to
participate in the focus group but only six were able to come on the scheduled date. Most of the
participants who could not attend were away for the summer. Keeping the benefits and
limitations in mind the focus group was conducted in a way that did not compromise the
credibility and usefulness of the research. Each participant was given sufficient time to share
their perspective and experience. Discussion among the participants was encouraged but I as the
researcher made sure that the participants stayed on the topic and did not drift away. Participants
were encouraged to discuss the positive and negative impacts of physical activity and the
limitations that prevent them from being physically active. Participants also discussed how (if
possible) they might overcome these barriers. I collected the data from the focus group by way
of written notes.

A member check in real time was done several times during the focus group

to confirm my interpretation of the data with the participants (Huges, & Layhoe, 2009, p. 82 -

29

83). A member check is a method used to improve the validity of the information obtained
(Tanggaard, 2008, p. 15-29). The length of the focus group was about an hour. The location of
the focus group was at the Prince George Council of Seniors’ (PGCOS) office. None of the
participants were members of the PGCOS. The focus group was audio recorded but I faced
some technical problems towards the end and was unable to record the group discussion towards
the end. I had also taken written notes, which were used to assist in the transcription and
analysis.
In-depth interviews. In-depth interviews are widely used in qualitative research. They
add a personal touch to the interview process because they bring the interviewer and the
interviewee face-to-face. Suspicions and fears which are likely to come up through the
impersonal process of answering questionnaires are eliminated by a cordial and affirming
interviewer who can use human connection to draw extensive information from participants
(Boyce & Neale, 2006, p. 3).
Participants are the most important aspect of the interview process as the primary source
of information for the researcher. The researcher adopts a passive role as a learner, seeking as
much information as can be drawn from the interviewee. A non-threatening and yielding posture
on the part of the interviewer facilitates creation of an environment in which the interviewee is
likely to divulge information without inhibition. Interviews succeed as a source of good
information for research only when the interviewee’s sense of space and freedom are respected
by the interviewer. It is hence important to describe in detail with the interviewee every aspect
of the interview process. Data collected can be in the form of tape recordings, typed transcripts
of tape recordings, and the interviewer’s notes (Kvale & Brinkmann, 2009, p. 81-88).

30

In-depth interviews too have their limitations. In-depth interviews deal with individual
cases. The circumstances and experiences of each individual are likely to be different from
another. For this reason alone in-depth interviews which study and analyze individual cases
cannot make assumptions o f collective groups on the basis o f individual findings (Breakwell,
Hammond, Fife-Schaw, & Smith, 2006). Thorough documentation can be difficult because field
notes may contain confidential information unsuited for wider circulation. Interviewers are at
most times completely dependent on interviewees to provide accurate information. Yet,
accuracy o f information is not always that easily obtainable. Some factors that can hinder
accuracy include self interest, limited language skills, memory loss, nervousness, and inadequate
knowledge of the topic (p. 238).
In spite of the limitations, the in-depth interview method was a good source of gathering
information for this research. It helped me get the story behind the participants’ experiences. It
also enabled collection of in-depth information on the impact of physical activity on the health
and wellness o f the participants.
Each person was interviewed once and the length of time o f the interview was 45 minutes
to one hour. Interviews took place at a private location that was convenient to the participant,
including their homes or at another mutually agreeable location. The interview data was
collected by typing the notes down on the computer directly. Not all participants were
comfortable with recording the interview so I decided not to tape any of the in-depth interviews.
Participants were given the opportunity to verify the information keyed-in to ascertain that I had
captured their comments correctly. It ensured that a "member check" (Tanggaard, 2008, p. 1529) was done at the end of the interview.

31

Demographic questionnaire. All participants were asked to complete a demographic
questionnaire before the interview. The demographic questionnaire contained questions such as
age, gender, marital status, number of children and grandchildren, level of education, and
household income.
Data Analysis
Using thematic analysis the data collected from the focus group and in-depth interviews
were organized under specific themes. Thematic analysis is used in qualitative research to gain
insight into a phenomenon. It helps the researcher to communicate his/her observations,
findings, and interpretation of the phenomenon to the reader. Thematic analysis helps in
“identifying, analyzing, and reporting patterns or themes in the data” (Boyatzis, 1998, p. 4 -12).
“A researcher judgment is necessary to determine what a theme is. A theme might be given
considerable space in some data items, and little or none in others, or it might appear in relative
little of the data set” (Braun & Clarke, 2006, p. 77-110). For my research, with a total of 12
participants, all themes presented by the participants were included in the thematic analysis. I
collected data using an inductive approach, where I read and re-read the data for themes related
to physical activity. I identified patterns and captured themes from the data in relation to the
research question. I used the following steps in thematic analysis of the data: familiarized myself
with the data by reading through the data a few times, generated initial codes, searched for
themes, reviewed themes, defined and named themes, and documented the findings (Braun &
Clarke, 2006, p. 77-101). Confidentiality of the participants was maintained throughout the
research by not referring to the participants by their names. Only initials were used. The first
stage in the thematic analysis was to transcribe some of the verbal and written data obtained from
the focus group and individual interviews, which was then read through a few times to

32

familiarize myself further with the contents and begin the search for meanings and patterns. The
data was then coded.
Coding. I used the inductive method of coding, which provides the most basic means for
developing codes and themes. In the inductive method of coding the researcher must have the
“ability to see,” that is to recognize pattern in the data, and then be able to organize his/her
observations into patterns. The inductive method of coding requires the following stages:
sensing themes, recognizing and coding data consistently, developing codes, and developing
codes into main themes (Braun & Clarke, 2006, p. 77-101). I read the data interpretively to help
construct my inference from the data and to familiarize myself with the data. The next step was
to developed descriptive codes, where the codes were summarized from the primary topic of
discussion (Auerbach & Silverstein, 2003, p. 31-76). These codes were then put together under
broader codes which are the sub-themes. These sub themes were then categorized into main key
themes.
Steps to Ensuring Rigor
I have evaluated the study using the following criteria (Krefting, March 1991, p. 214 222):
Credibility of data. In order to maintain validity of the data collected I did member
checks at the end of every individual interview. Careful scrutiny was also maintained for
information gathered from the focus group. I verbally summarized to participants of the focus
group answers they had given during discussion time to the questions raised. The purpose was to
make sure I had recorded the information correctly. Data triangulation was done by using
different sources of information such as information from the participants in the focus group and
individual interviews, and from research done in related areas.

Transferability of the data. Will the research and its findings be relevant and
applicable to people and contexts outside o f the research's immediate geographical scope, and
beyond the study participants? Although not freely transferable the research is likely to benefit
older adults and people and agencies involved with their health and well-being especially in
northern cities with similar conditions to those of Prince George. This confidence rests on the
fact that the climate, living conditions, availability of resources, demographics and culture of
communities in the Canadian North have many similarities. The research was undertaken by a
single student. There was no information available or scope for contact with other researchers
studying the same or similar subjects. Hence researcher triangulation was not possible.
However, a literature review informed the project.
Reflexivity and research journal. During the process of the research I have reflected
on myself as a researcher and my relationship to what I was researching. My belief that it is very
difficult for older adults to live in the North and that physical activity is a challenge during the
winter due to weather conditions could have influenced the research. So before I actually started
the research I did some pilot interviews to check if my questions were effective in eliciting
descriptive responses and based on this feedback improved the questions as necessary. At every
stage of the research I made every effort to ensure that I interpreted correctly what the
interviewee was saying via member checking.
I have tried to exercise utmost vigilance so that I did not personally influence the research
process and its outcomes through any of my own personal preferences or prejudice. I made
every effort to set these aside so that my own views did not affect my documentation of
interviews and other means of information gathering and analysis. At the same time with my
experience in working with older adults I am aware of the difficulties that older adults face in the

34

North and have been able to empathize with and understand what they were saying.

I have

carefully maintained a research journal to make sure that I have documented data accurately
without entertaining personal biases.
Ethical considerations. The thesis was reviewed and approved by the UNBC Research
Board (Appendix I). An information sheet was provided to all participants of the focus group as
well as individuals willing to participate in in-depth interviews. This information sheet is
available in Appendix A. The information sheet included the purpose and goals of the research,
how participants would be chosen, what they would be asked to do, and who will have access to
their responses. Participants were also informed that their participation would be voluntary. The
risks and benefits of the research were included in the information sheet. Participants involved
in the individual interviews were informed that their names and identification would be treated
with confidentiality and that they would be able to maintain anonymity. However,
confidentiality and anonymity in the focus group could not be guaranteed as each member of the
group was aware of what the other participants said. Hence, participants were requested to
respect the privacy and maintain confidences shared by other participants (Marlow, 2005, p. 195196). Information on how research data would be stored and for how long, as well as how it
would be destroyed was also included in the information sheet. In case of concerns or
complaints an appropriate contact number and email address for the UNBC Research Ethics
Board was included.

The information sheet was given to participants along with the consent

form (Appendix B) which participants signed to indicate their consent to participating in the
research. The information sheet also informed participants that a copy of the results of the
research would be available to them. Along with the information sheet all participants were
verbally briefed about the overall purpose of the research as well as the risks and benefits to

35

them. Confidentiality has been partly addressed by using the initials only of the participants in
records and reports leading up to drafting the thesis. Besides the maintenance of confidentiality,
another ethical consideration was generating confidence in participants. This was done by
respecting their individuality and freedoms; by allowing them to speak and express themselves;
by not imposing on them outside perspectives and opinions; by making them feel appreciated
and valued; and at the end of the process demonstrating accountability towards them by giving
the participants the results of the research. Maintaining transparency and co-construction of the
participants perspectives is essential to generate confidence in the participants and also to
enhance the credibility of the study “as a source of knowledge” (McNamee, Olivier, &
Wainwright, 2007).

36

Chapter 4: Results of the Research
Through focus group and individual interviews the participants were invited to share their
opinions and experiences of the impact of physical activity in their lives. This chapter will begin
with a demographic description o f participants followed by a discussion of what the participants
shared about their experiences in a focus group and in in-depth interviews. The chapter will also
look at how the data collected from focus group and in-depth interviews were analyzed using
thematic analysis. It will present the themes that were identified from the data collected and a
discussion on what each theme represented.
The demographic data collected at the time o f interviews was analyzed. The age
group of participants showed that in the focus group there were a total of four participants in the
age range of 65 to 74 years, one in the age range of 75 to 84 years, and one in the range of 85 to
94 years. In the individual in-depth interviews all participants were in the age range of 65 to 74.
The marital status of participants in the focus group had three married, one single and two
widowed participants. The in-depth interviews had five married and one widowed participant.
The gender of participants in the focus group were all female and the in-depth interviews had an
equal number o f male and female i.e. three in each gender participating. In the focus group one
participant out of six did not have children where as all participants in the in-depth interviews
had children. The education level of participants in the focus group and the in-depth interviews,
range at various levels from secondary school (incomplete) to University degree. Three
participants in the research did not mention their income levels. Two were below income level of
$39,999 four were in the income bracket of $40,000 - $59,999, two earned between $60,000 $79,999, and one above $80,000. Sixty percent of the participants belonged to and attended
seniors’ centre and the rest did not belong to or attend seniors’ centres.

After reviewing the data as recommended by Braun and Clarke (2006) in their article on
using thematic analysis I read and re-read the data collected to look for themes. The following
eight key themes emerged from the readings along with some subthemes:
Thematic Structure
1 Enthusiasm to learn more about and be
involved in physical activity

1.1
1.2
1.3

2

Effects of northern climate on involvement
in physical activity

2.1
2.2
2.3

3

Prominent physical activity

3.1
3.2
3.3

Desire to read about physical activity.
Information and knowledge key factors
to achieve physical fitness.
Assumption that physical activity
involves exercising.
Less outdoor exercises in the winter.
Loneliness contributing to less physical
activity.
More activity possible in the North
than in South.
High activity level of all participants in
summer involving outdoor activities.
Adjustments for physical activity with
the onset of winter.
Participants involved in high levels of
exercises.

4

Impact of physical illness.

4.1
4.2

Five participants had physical illness.
Participants feel healthy all year round.

5

Reason for being involved in physical
activity

5.1
5.2

Motivation plays a very important role.
High level o f activities with
grandchildren
Physical activity helps to be
independent.
Companionship helps engage in
physical activity.
Good health - a basic need felt by older
adults.
Involvement in physical activity to
remain flexible.
Physical activity helped avoid chronic
pains and stresses.
Goals help motivate to be involved in
more physical activity.

5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8

38

6

Reasons for not being involved in physical
activity

6.1
6.2

Illness.
Mobility due to arthritis and other leg
problems.

7

Physical activity contributes to good
health.

7.1
7.2
7.3

Involvement in physical activity
Physical activity and healthy lifestyle.
Multiple facilitators for physical
activity.
Physical activity a benefit to all

7.4
8

Other views on physical activity in the
community

8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6

Satisfied with the level of physical
activity performed.
Joining seniors’ centres is time
consuming
Seniors centres do not always cater to
older adults with physical disability.
Older adults facilities in the North are
expensive.
More senior’ centers in the city than in
the outskirts.
Older adult helpers do not have
gerontological background.

39

Analysis of Data
Thematic Analysis
The data collected through the focus group and individual in-depth interviews were
analyzed concurrently using thematic analysis. Thematic analysis is a widely used approach to
qualitative analysis. Eight key themes emerged with some subthemes. I tried to capture what is
important to the main research question. A discussion of each of the eight key themes and
subthemes follows:
1.

Enthusiasm to learn more about and be involved in physical activity
1.1: Desire to read about physical activity. Participants expressed a desire to read

about physical activities. Some stated that reading about physical activities is easier but putting
them into practice and being consistent with it is a little difficult. ‘7 love to read on anything to
do with physical activity, to know more on how l can keep fit, butfind it is difficult to be
consistent with my exercises. ” Due to their age, they stated that it was difficult to keep up with
exercises that demanded quick movements and they felt that instructors guiding older adults did
not understand that they needed to go at a slower pace than younger people. Some participants
expressed an eagerness to read in spite of increasing hardship with deteriorating vision and
inability to concentrate on acquiring information over an extended time. Some complained that
reading required being able to sit in a certain posture for some time, which was difficult. When
asked how they learnt about the connection between physical activity and health among older
adults, participants pointed to several factors: government and charities’ awareness drives;
advice from doctors and counselors; media; the advice of family and friends.
Some participants suggested that more information on physical activity and older adults’
health needs to be readily available to them at places they frequent, such as doctors’ clinics,

40

seniors’ centres, and seniors’ homes. One participant stated that there were numerous programs
on television anchored by doctors, which offer an endless supply of information and advice on
how to keep healthy and active. Similarly, there are books and magazines that provide
information and advice, but she felt confused about which ones she should follow.
1.2: Information and knowledge key factors to achieve physical fitness. It was clear
from the data that the right knowledge helped older adults take the appropriate action to keep fit.
Older adults were convinced from their readings and from the advice they had received, that
physical activity contributed to the betterment of their overall health. The knowledge they
gained from their sources inspired them to seek physical fitness. There was a consensus and
willingness to engage in physical activities for their own good. One participant commented “I
feel physical activity is important to help keep me fit. "
1.3: Assumption that physical activity involves exercising. The relatively well
publicized information about the health benefits derived from yoga and aerobics seemed to lead
some older adults to think in the unilateral direction that exercise alone is a useful physical
activity. However, during our discussion older adults themselves suggested a number of other
physical activities as equally profitable to health, these included walks, playing with grand
children, cycling, trekking, swimming, and so on. One of the participants stated ‘7 go fo r walks
regularly during the summer and occasionally during the winter. ”
2. Effects of northern climate on involvement in physical activity
2.1: Less outdoor exercises in the winter. The harsh winters in our region contribute to
the adversities that older adults face. Participants stated that winters are the most difficult time
for them; physical activity becomes severely restricted, while sicknesses such as the common
cold and influenza become a challenge. One participant commented "I feel physical activity is

41

more difficult in the winter because o f the weather....I mean it is difficult to go outfor walks, or
go to the parks or get-togethers with friends. ” Some observed that during the winter months
they tend to sleep longer and more often during the day than in the summer and autumn which
can lead to weight gain. A comment from one of the participants was: “During the winter I like
to go to bed early and get up late because it gets dark very soon and the bedfeels nice and
warm. ” Physical disabilities and concern about injuries sometimes prevented participants from
going out as often as they would in the summer. For example, one participant stated “Due to ice
I am afraid to walk outdoors because I am scared o f slipping on ice. I f I hurt myself it takes
longer fo r me to heal now than it did when I was younger and it makes me dependent on other
people fo r my daily living activities. ” Some participants complained that they could not bear the
cold outdoors and feared slipping and falling on the snow. Others stated that driving is difficult
in the winter due to low visibility and slippery conditions. Injuries during the winter are more
painful and take longer to heal. During the focus group participants voiced their worries about
the coming winter because it would keep them indoor for longer periods of time and restrict their
outdoor physical activities. Some participants stated that they have arthritis which causes severe
pain and swelling and prevents them from being physically active. Some complained of poor
sidewalks in the city. They stated that these sidewalks are not safe for older adults to walk on due
to potholes and uneven surface, which results in falls and other injuries.
2.2: Loneliness contributing to less physical activity. Participants observed that
displacement caused crisis for them They associated health and well being with living in
familiar territory amongst relatives and friends. They spoke o f such a life as meaningful living,
where the meaning and purpose of life seems intact and undisturbed. The link between the past
and the future, from older adults’ perspective, was maintained, which seemed very important to

the participants. Participants observed that when older adults move from one place to another
they lose touch with what is familiar and are not comfortable to embrace what is new and
unknown. The struggles o f coping with a new environment makes many older adults withdraw,
further leading to depression, unhappiness and nostalgia. It makes the onset of sickness a real
possibility. One of the participants commented “/ know o f a lady who movedfrom Alberta to
Prince George to be close to a friend who died soon after. This lady went through a period o f
depression as she had no friends to share her sorrow with

” Vulnerability to airborne

sicknesses as well as chronic conditions such as diabetes and asthma were also perceived as
impediments to physical activity. Participants observed that however careful they were, the
frequency o f these conditions was only increasing.
2.3: More activity possible in the North than in South. One of the participants stated
that it was possible to do more physical activity in the North than in the South because of more
open space and a dryer climate in the North as compared to the South. “Ifeel physical activity is
more convenient to be involved in here than in the South. The climate here is drier and there’s
lots o f space. ” This makes it possible to go out for long walks and do outdoor activities.
3. Prominent physical activity
3.1: High activity level of all participants in summer involving outdoor activities.
Older adults perceived winters to be a challenge. The cold and the snow, especially here in the
North debilitated movement and increased the pitfalls of danger to life and health many times
over. With relatively weakened lung capacity and weaker legs, the inability to face the air chills
and slippery snow outdoors became a painful reality every winter. Older adults said they ward
off the threat of winters by staying indoors. Participants expressed that the best time of the year
for them was the months o f summer that follow the spring, after the snow has melted and the

43

temperatures have risen to a bearable level. Participants spoke of loving the freshness in the
summer breeze. The all pervasive sunshine of the summer months filled them with optimism
and encouraged them to step outside their homes. Most travels were made in the summer
months, "I travel during the summer, go visit my children and grandchildren. ” It was also the
time for them to test out new foods and indulge in leisurely shopping. Catching up with friends,
visiting the doctor, getting all pending check-ups done, going to church and other community
places, gardening, cleaning and house-keeping, as well as submitting even to a rigorous agenda
of physical activity became possible. Swimming and walking seemed to be the most popular
physical activities for the participants. All participants shared that during the summer months
they were usually involved in outdoor activity to a high level.
3.2: Adjustments for physical activity with the onset of winter. Those participants
who are accustomed to outdoors physical activity in the spring, summer and autumn, did not
look forward to the onset of winter. The winter took away some of their freedom and restricted
them to the safe confines of their homes. Participants had to reorient themselves to activities that
could be done indoors. As one grows older, making adjustments becomes difficult. This
concern was voiced by a few participants. It also affected them mentally. Till they got used to
their new schedules and activities, several participants struggled with forgetting tasks they had to
perform indoors in order to continue to be physically active. It sometimes caused irritation and
anxiety. The sudden change, many said, required making adjustments which were not the most
convenient. Participants also stated that they tended to watch more television during the winter
as compared to the summer. Thus to remain physically active indoor was a challenge and
struggle. “During the winter I like to just sit in front o f the TV and have to remind myself that I
should do some work at home to keep myself active. ” But they knew its importance and need in

44

their lives and were willing to make deliberate choices in favor of being physically active in the
winter months.
3.3: Participants involved in high levels of exercises. Participants mentioned that
swimming and walking were their most popular physical activities. Some participants stated
they hiked, which was quite admirable. Swimming and walking offer immense benefits to older
adults. They keep older adults’ hearts and other muscles of the body functioning well. These
activities also help overcome the debilitating effects of arthritis, osteoarthritis and osteoporosis.
One participant stated “I swim regularly because it helps keep my muscles flexible, as I suffer
from arthritis. ” Swimming and walking strengthen the muscular system so that the individual is
physically more in control of him/herself and can hence prevent falls. Most participants shared
that they indulged in these activities for a minimum of two hours a week.
4. Impact of physical illness
4.1: Five participants had physical illness. The onset of sickness with advancing age
is unavoidable, though physical activity and mental resilience can prolong it. Five participants
shared that they had some form o f physical illness that made it difficult for them to be physically
active. But they shared that inspite of illness they made sure they were involved in physical
activity. A ninety year old participant shared, “/ sufferfrom severe arthritis but I still make sure
I go out and about and am involved in the community". Among the health issues shared by
participants were diabetes, asthma, back pain, and arthritis. Some even spoke of referrals to
physiotherapists they had obtained from their family doctors. Physiotherapists had put them on
prescribed exercise programs after extensive examination of their physical movements and
general physical health. The exercise program was meant to at least minimally restore certain
lost abilities and/or to prevent further loss.

45

4.2: Participants feel healthy all year round. Most participants stated that they felt
healthy and well all year round. One participant stated that she felt better during fall when the
climatic conditions were just right for her arthritis. “Ifeel good during the fa ll because I don’t
normally have any arthritis problem. ” The discussion on this point attended to the reasons for
their general wellbeing all year round. Participants were meticulous about taking their
prescription medicines and maintaining the recommended diet. As earlier indicated, nearly all
also recognized the importance and need for physical activity in their lives, and participated in it.
They took the required precautions and avoided undue risks. Participants were also not inclined
to an erratic lifestyle. Some never smoked while others had quit smoking some years back when
their doctors warned them of the health hazards they faced from smoking. A pint of beer or
some form of alcoholic beverage too was very rare and in very limited quantity. Participants
even described how they avoided sugar and fatty foods. All these helped them maintain a wellrounded food intake through the year which contributed to their general wellbeing.
5. Reasons for being involved in physical activity
5.1: Motivation plays a very important role. It was observed during the discussion
that forums such as the gathering for a focus group were occasions that motivate older adults to
renew their commitment to regular physical activity in order to remain healthy. Other regular
sources of motivation were friends and family, health programs on television, household tasks
and even caring for a pet.
5.2: High level of activities with grandchildren. Majority of the participants stated
that activities with grandchildren were one of the major physical activities they were involved in.
During the discussions, most participants admitted that time spent with grandchildren involved
the most effortless physical activity. “I love to spend time with my grandchildren. I can do

46

some light activities with them. It creates a bond between us and keeps me active and busy. ”
This kept them occupied and busy. It helped them connect with family and spend quality time
with their grandchildren. It also kept them feeling younger and made them have a purpose in
life. Some whose grandchildren had grown out o f that early stage seemed to dearly miss those
times.
5.3: Physical activity helps to be independent. Physical activity contributed to a surge
in levels of independence. “7 like to lead an active life because it makes me independent. ”
Participants felt that because they felt fit and healthy they were independent and were able to do
their own chores. Most welcomed the thought o f not having to depend on others, even on loving
and caring family members, for their daily chores. It was felt that dependence restricted their
lives and increased the sense of obligation. Dependence also brought unnecessary mental
pressures and increased vulnerability.
5.4: Companionship helps engage in physical activity. It was interesting to observe
how much older adults valued collective living. Companionship seemed to be a cherished
cultural value for the older adults who participated in the study. “Company helps to consistently
be involved in physical activity. ” Many shared that companionship spurred them to action
towards being physically more active. More physical activity was possible and even enjoyable
in the company of others, especially other older adults and little children (often grandchildren or
great grandchildren). One of the main reasons for participants’ enthusiasm for engagement in
physical activity with their grandchildren was the possibility of companionship. Children were
easy to talk to and play with. Children had no pretensions about themselves, and their presence
made older adults comfortable. Conversations and general engagement with children did not
provoke conflict or confrontation. This was also possible with other older adults, especially with

47

those who were friends for long. With fellow-older adults the content of the companionship was
different. While with children the time was spent on fun activities, with fellow-older adults it
often involved reflective conversations on a wide range of subjects from personal matters to
international and global issues. The physical activity done with children was mostly spontaneous
and light-hearted. On the other hand the physical activity engaged in, in the company o f fellowolder adults was of particular types; for instance, going on long walks, exercising together,
swimming in groups, playing in-door games and so on.
5.5: Good health - a basic need felt by older adults. Every older adult interviewed
expressed the desire to be in good health. “My aim in being physically active is to have good
health

This aspiration is also the key factor in many older adults’ pursuit of physical activity.

They all seemed to be aware of the connection between physical activity and good health. They
were also aware that physical activity keeps them from depression and nostalgia, and contributes
to clarity of purpose for the remainder of their lives. One participant stated “I know a lady who
is depressed all the time, she is closeted in her room and does not go out anywhere. I f only she
did some physical activity o f any kind it could bring her out o f her depression
5.6: Involvement in physical activity to remain flexible. Participants felt that being
involved in physical activity made them healthier. It kept their illness at a minimum. Physical
activity in any form made them flexible. “I have rheumatoid arthritis and the only way Ifeel I
can move about without any pain is to be physically active. It keeps my muscles from stiffening
up. ” This sentiment was seconded by some participants who stated that physical activity helped
their arthritis and took away the stiffness in their muscles. Physical activity also seemed to
influence participants psychologically. They spoke o f feeling younger and developed a more
positive outlook which translated into zest for greater involvement with the community.

48

5.7: Physical activity helped avoid chronic pains and stresses. “I f I am not physically
active then bending down to pick up something is a difficult chore. ’’ Activities such as bending,
twisting, stretching, squatting, kneeling, brisk walking and even slow-paced running were
possible because of continued physical activity. Most agreed that the ability to do these
enhanced their quality of life, made them happier, free from worries and stress, and contributed
to their overall wellbeing.
5.8: Goals help motivate to be involved in more physical activity. “Setting a goal,
fo r example, walk at least two kilo meter per day and work towards achieving it helps me to be
more involved in being physically activity. ” Participants stated that setting goals helped them to
be more involved in physical activity. So being part of a group and making decisions to achieve
a specific goal within a specific timeframe keeps them committed to being physically active.
6. Reasons for not being involved in physical activity
6.1: Illness. Illness is another factor that keeps older adults from being physically active
to an optimal level. Some of the participants stated that illness such as cold or flu or any kind of
injury keeps them from being physically active. They stated that they try to be as active as
possible but the process o f recovery can be very slow.
6.2: Mobility due to arthritis and other leg problems. Some participants stated that
they have arthritis which causes them severe pain and swelling which prevents them from being
physically active to a level that they desire, but inspite of these physical difficulties they are
involved in physical activity. One participant stated “la m 90years old and have severe arthritis
in my legs which is very painful but that does not prevent me from being involved in the
community
more involved

I volunteer two days a week and go to the gym once a week, but I wish I could be
”.

49

7. Physical activity contributes to good health
7.1: Involvement in physical activity. Most participants stated that they felt healthier
when they were involved in physical activity; just one stated that physical activity did not affect
their health.
7.2: Physical activity and healthy lifestyle. Most participants shared that they love
physical activity and that they feel it is good to keep the mind and body healthy and fit. But
fixed times of physical activity and regimented physical activity tended to put them under
pressure and hence was discomforting. Nearly everyone said that they preferred to indulge in
physical activity spontaneously, and expressed the desire to be physically active throughout the
day. They sought to be in control of their physical activity and not the other way around.
Five participants stated they had physical conditions that prevented them from utilizing
their full capacity for physical activity. They had physical conditions such as arthritis, leg injury,
problems with feet etc.
7.3: Multiple facilitators for physical activity. When asked what facilitates the
participants in doing physical activity participants stated that it depended on one’s pre­
disposition to doing exercises and living an active life. Some stated that they got encouragement
from family. Some said they were involved in physical activity to lose weight and to keep
physically fit to do their daily living chores. Some sated that financial independence helped them
to be active by being involved in organizations that promoted physical activity.
7.4: Physical activity a benefit to all. The participants were asked if they had anything
else to share on physical activity. They stated that a sound body has a sound mind. Physical
activity helps one five longer and be healthier.

50

8. Other views on physical activity in the community
8.1: Satisfied with the level of physical activity performed. Most participants stated
that they were so busy doing housework, being involved in cooking and taking care o f pets, they
did not have any time to set aside for exercises.
8.2: Joining senior’s centers is time consuming. Some participants felt spending time
at seniors’ centres was time consuming because being involved in activities at the seniors centre
took a lot of their time from other home activities. “Frankly, I don’t have time to be involved in
activities at the seniors centre. I am so busy with work at home and being involved with my
grandkids Ifin d it difficult to regularly attend seniors centre. ”
8.3: Seniors centres do not always cater to older adults including those with
physical disability. The discussion dropped some surprises. The Government makes substantial
investment in seniors’ centres from the perspective that these offer crucial advantages to older
adults’ health and quality of life. But the feeling amongst older adults was somewhat mixed.
Participants were not very enthusiastic about going to senior’ centres. Some complained that the
effort to travel to and from a seniors’ center was a de-motivating factor. Others said seniors’
centres did not meet their needs. They were too structured and involved spending a lot of time in
activities, which they could not afford to. “ Veryfew seniors ’ centres cater to older adults with
disability. ” Some even observed that seniors’ centres did not have facilities essential for older
adults with disabilities. Most complained that a visit to a senior centre took away most of their
day and offered too little in return.
8.4: Older adult facilities in the North are expensive. When participants were asked if
they wanted to add any comments they stated that older adults’ facilities in the North were more
expensive as compared to the South. They stated that many older adults were below the

51

minimum income level (minimum income as stipulated by the government of Canada) and hence
were not able to avail these facilities in the North.
8.5: More seniors’ centers in the city than in the outskirts. Some participants stated
that there were few activity centers for them to go to in Prince George. They stated that there
were more facilities in the city centre than in the outskirts such as in the Hart Highlands or up
College Heights.
8.6: Older adult helpers do not have gerontological background. “Many workers
who work with older adults do not have gerontological background and are not able to advise
older adults. ” Participants expressed concern that not all people working with older adults are
well equipped to do so. It was also felt that those who work with older adults should be coached
on advising older adults on the benefits of physical activity.
Conclusion
From the data collected it can be stated that participants love to read about physical
activity and want to be physically active to keep fit and flexible. They believe that physical
activity helps them be healthy and alert and be independent. They feel that motivation plays a
very important role in being physically active. They also feel that setting a goal to achieve good
health helps in keeping up the physical activity and doing physical activity with companions
helps them be continuous in their activity. Most participants felt that they were involved in a
high level of activity. These physical activities seem to be in various forms from house chores to
outdoor activities with grandchildren and friends. It also involved exercise schedules carefully
planned to increase strength, balance, stamina, and flexibility. The highest level of activity they
performed was with grandchildren. Extreme weather conditions do not seem to prevent most
participants from some form of physical activity. However, in summer activities are centered

52

outdoors and in winter it is indoors. Some participants suffered from physical illness but this
does not prevent them from being physically active. All participants liked to be involved in
some kind of physical activity to keep their body and mind fit. Despite attending some programs
most participants felt joining seniors’ centres was time consuming because the activities set up
by the seniors’ centres took a lot of their time and that they did not specifically cater to the needs
o f older adults. One of the older adult mentioned that people with physical disability could not
join the fit older adults in any activity. Loneliness, illness, weather conditions, fear of falling,
skidding in winter, difficulty with mobility due to arthritis, poor sidewalks prevents older adults
from engaging in physical activities. Participants stated that family encouragement in being
physically active plays a very important role. The desire to keep fit and healthy also plays a role
in keeping them physically active. Some participants believe that more activity is possible in the
North than in South mainly due to extra space, drier weather conditions, and fewer people
around. However, participants felt older adults facilities in the North are more expensive as
compared to the South especially since more of the older adults in the North are in the lower
income group. They stated that there is less activities for older adults in the North as compared
to the South. And the facilities in the central part of the city are more available as compared to
the areas in the outskirts o f the city such as the Hart or College Heights’ areas. Another view
that came up was that the participants felt that people helping older adults in the community do
not have gerontological background and hence are not really very well equipped to help older
adults.

53

Chapter Five: The Discussion
Participants from both focus group and individual interviews stated that they lived
physically active lives in spite of the limitations from their illnesses. This seemed to state that ill
health which may be considered a primary hurdle for physical activity by many; need not be so if
the mind is resolved to keeping the body active. There was great eagerness among the
participants to know more about measures to be taken to remain physically active so that they
could continue to live healthy and independent lives. The connection between physical activity
and good health was clear to them. The participants’ views, knowledge, and enthusiasm were in
contrast to the conclusions reached by McPherson and Wister (2008). They suggest that older
adults in the North are less active and less aware of the need to be active than older adults in the
South (McPherson & Wister, 2008, p. 204-205). Participants in both types of interviews
expressed some reluctance to joining seniors’ centers. Some viewed participation in seniors’
centers as a time consuming activity, whose rules and regulations and internal culture or ethos
also tended to cause them stress. They preferred doing activities similar to those at seniors’
centers, in their own homes in the company of friends and family because it gave them freedom,
flexibility, a relaxed environment, no top-down maneuverings and personal control.
Findings in Relation to the Literature
In their work McPherson and Wister (2008) consistently assert that older people’s
increasing inclination towards physical activity is due to awareness o f its benefits. In the course
o f my own interaction with older adults in Prince George for my research I have found this to be
true. My research participants have admitted that due to reading avidly on the benefits of
physical activity they have been motivated to be more involved in physical activity.
Chipperfield’s (2008) research underlines the importance of being physically active in order to

54

have good health (p. 349-357). Participants in my research also agreed that physical activity is
important for maintaining good health. One participant described how her body needs exercises
to maintain flexibility just as De Souto Barreto (2009) found in his research that mobility and
functional abilities can be improved with exercises. The same has also been affirmed by
research conducted by Abell, Hootman, Zack, Moriarty, and Helmick (2005). Another
participant stated that she does exercise to build body mass. Haskell, Montoye, and Orenstein’s
(1985) research explains that repeated rhythmic action of the body enables the muscles to be
healthy. Jackson, Marrow, and Dishman (2004) also state in their research that cardio­
respiratory endurance training and strength training are good for frail older people.
The disconnection between top-down structural initiatives and the life-situation and
experiences of older adults was observed in the instance of them not wanting to spend time at the
seniors’ centers. Organizations and institutions that should work in the interest of older adults
and promote their well being seem to not always address older adults concerns and needs. While
the government and community invest much in such institutions in order to contribute to the
wellness of older adults’ lives, older adults themselves do not always view seniors’ centers as
being beneficial to them. Instead the structured institutions which most seniors’ centers are
contributed adversely to some older adults health by making them anxious and stressed.
Implications for Research, Policy and Practice
The primary aim o f this study is to give voice to Northern older adults’ own perceptions
of the impact of physical activity on their health and wellbeing. It is hoped that older adults,
their families, and institutions working for their wellbeing will benefit from the findings of this
research. The focus group revealed how each individual’s unique formation, learning, culture,
economic status, health, and other circumstances in the present contributed to each individual

55

perspective being somewhat different from all the others. Older adults learnt from one another
that there was no single way o f looking at things. The group helped to assist participants to
discuss, deliberate, critique, embrace or reject perspectives in a cordial environment during
group activities or in individual interviews.
The results of the research will be made available to the participants. The findings may
assist families, care workers, and organizations working with older adults in the North better
understand how older adults in the North view physical activity. The findings will also provide
information that may contribute to determining what policy, programs and services that relates to
physical activity and the health and wellbeing of older adults in the North best meet their needs.
Once the research has been through its due process of completion, a copy of the results will be
sent by post or by email to those participants who expressed interest in the findings of the
research. Results will also be made available to local community agencies, the Prince George
Council of Seniors’, as well as via community presentations and publications, conference
presentations, and peer-reviewed publications.
Limitations of the Study
While the study may have relevance and application to older adults elsewhere, the
immediate uses of the study are limited to those in the city of Prince George and in similar
contexts in North-central British Columbia and Canada. The study focuses on adults 65 years
and older. The study gives voice to the perspectives of older adults and does not measure the
outcomes of physical activities. The research was conducted in the summer and a number of
older adults were visiting their families or were on vacation. Hence it was difficult to get many
people together for the focus group. There was a marked lack of response from older men in

56

participating in the research. Many who were contacted seemed reluctant to participate. Several
expressed to me that they were not very comfortable with talking in a group.
Suggestions for Future Research
Though there is some valuable information available for older adults on the importance
and benefits of physical activity to their health and wellness, the need for programs to help older
adults with information on physical activity was articulated throughout the interview process.
This could be investigated further to better understand how that information should be provided.
Further study in relation to making seniors’ centers appealing and attractive to older adults would
also be valuable. Several other related subjects for future research need to be considered in
order to consolidate information and knowledge on the impact of physical activity on the health
and wellness of older adults in the North. Among the additional fields that must be explored for
older adults in the North are the following: types of physical activities older adults are naturally
inclined towards, and their effects on health and wellbeing; characteristics of, possibilities for,
and benefits of, year-round outdoor activities; a comparison of indoor and outdoor activities their features, issues of feasibility, benefits and challenges; socio-cultural perspectives on
physical activity and its effects on their health and wellbeing; government, semi-government and
private projects to encourage and promote physical activity; and quantitative studies of the
adverse effects on health and wellbeing from a lack of physical activity among older adults in the
North.

57

Chapter Six: Conclusion
This research focuses on the perception of older adults, their health and wellness, their
attitudes to physical activity, and how physical activity affects them. The study was able to
establish awareness among the older adults in Prince George about the importance and benefits
o f physical activity to their lives.
Though the people interviewed unanimously expressed a positive attitude towards
physical activity, the study found that conditions in the North are not as conducive to physical
activity as they are in the South. Severe wintery weather makes outdoor activity treacherous
especially for older adults for nearly half the year. The clogging of roads by snow, slipping and
falling on ice, poor natural light causing reduced visibility, freezing temperatures affecting
breathing and heart health, and seasonal fevers, are serious challenges to life outdoors for older
adults, and hence for optimum possibilities to be engaged in physical activity. Yet older adults
in Prince George adapt very well to the extreme climatic conditions. They described how they
continue to be physically active indoors in order to sustain good health.
Physical activity helped older adults not only to be healthy, fit and flexible, but also to be
independent. In a town with limited opportunities for work it is not possible for all older adults
to have the privilege of seeing their children and grandchildren close to themselves in the same
city. Many young people move out of the city for education and for work, often leaving older
parents behind. This unavoidable situation made it pertinent for older adults to ensure their
physical independence in order to maintain a good life condition. The participants felt that being
independent in one's advanced years of fife was something they strove for.
Participants elucidated several factors that contribute to being physically active.
Motivation was a key factor. To be motivated from within by for instance continually reminding

58

oneself o f the importance and benefit to health and well being from physical activity kept, older
adults from idleness. External factors such as the spurring o f friends and companions from the
same age group or situation in life also served as valued motivation to continue to be physically
active. A programmed approach as well as goal-setting and implementing schedules for activity
and health also helps in keeping up their physical activity.
The study found that older adults in Prince George were quite adequately informed about
the benefits of physical activity to their health and wellness. They were also keen on reading and
collecting information about it. But some assumed physical activity to be limited to physical
exercise, a misconception that was soon shifted and ultimately eliminated during discussions.
The informal physical activities that can be performed during the day to keep one’s physiological
functional ability at its peak became an important subject for discussion. These were especially
important during the winter months when older adults confined themselves to their homes to
avoid accidents and exposure to the hostility of weather conditions.
Physical and mental challenges still affected physical activity, but only in a limited
manner. Through personal resolve and encouragement from friends and others, participants were
able to get back to the mild rigors of physical activity. Some suffered from chronic conditions
such as arthritis. Others suffered mental challenges such as loneliness and depression.
Participants mentioned that informal settings and familial connections contributed more
and better to their being physically active and mentally healthy, than formally structured
institutions. Being part of seniors' centers, for instance, did not just involve making special
effort to be there and be involved in activities, but it was also time-consuming and tended to
stress some participants. Seniors centers were often controlled environments and participants
shared that they felt restricted by them. On the other hand, informal and familial settings offered

them better conditions to be physically active at their own pace and without having to pressure
themselves to fit someone else's requirements of protocol. In the home environment some
participants occupied themselves with gardening, house-keeping, caring for pets, taking care of
grand-children, and other mundane activities. With friends and companions they strolled
neighborhood streets or went to parks to perform certain light repeatable physical exercises.
Access to physical activity in structured institutions was also not always easy. Seniors centers
were not as readily available in the suburbs and outskirts of the city as they were in the heart o f
the city. Also, facilities at senior’s centers were available at a price, which not all could afford.
Something very interesting and totally new that came from participants was a view that
more activity is possible in the North for most of the participants than in the South. The factors
that contributed to greater activity were the following: vast open spaces of land, drier weather
conditions, fewer people, and a greater sense of community. A concern with the qualification of
workers working with older adults was also voiced. Some participants observed that many
people who are helping older adults in the community do not have a gerontological background
and hence are not well equipped to help older adults.
In a nutshell it could be said that the research found older adults in the northern city of
Prince George to be adequately equipped with knowledge as well as personal initiative to live
physically active lives contributing to their own health and wellbeing. The conditions did not
naturally foster such a positive outlook and outcome, but older adults in Prince George are
enlightened and resolved enough to make physical activity an important part o f their daily
lifestyle and reap its benefits.

60

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Appendix C: Demographic Questions for All Participants
1. What is your present age?
6 5 - 7 4 years
7 5 -8 4 years
8 5 -9 4 years
95 years or above

3. Your marital status?
married
live-in / common-law partner
single
divorced
separated
widowed

2. What is your gender?
Male
____ Female
____ Other

4. (a) Do you have children?
Yes
No
If yes, how many?____
(b) Do you have grandchildren?
Yes
No
If yes, how many?

5. Do your children and/or grandchildren live in Prince George?

How often do you see them?

6. What is your highest level o f education?
elementary school - incomplete
elementary school - completed
secondary school - incomplete
secondary school - completed
some trade, technical, business, or community college
diploma or certificate from trade, technical, business or community college
some university
university degree (bachelor’s or any higher level)
7. Your annual household income?
less than $14,999
$15, 000 - $24,999
$25,000 - $39,999
$40,000 - $59, 999
$60,000 - $79, 999
$80,000 or more
8. Do you belong to a seniors’ centre or organization?
If so, do you attend events organized by them?

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How often?

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Appendix D: Focus Group Questions
1. There is a lot said and written about physical activity improving the health and wellness
of older adults. What do you think about this?
2. Are you satisfied with your level o f physical activity? If so, why? If not, why not?
3. What factors do you think facilitate physical activity in older adults?
4. What do you think prevents older adults from engaging in physical activity?
5. Do you think access to physical activity differs in the North as compared to the South? In
what ways?
6. Is there anything else that you would like to add regarding older adults’ physical activity
and your health and well being?

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Appendix E: Individual Interview Questions

1. Describe what your typical day is like.
In Summer?
In Winter?
2. What physical activities /exercise do you do in Summer / Winter? How often and roughly
how long on each occasion?
3. Do you have any physical conditions that impede physical activity?
4. What time of year do you feel most healthy and well (in Summer or Winter)?
5. Which of the following two days in your life is better and in what ways?
A day when you have been physically active or
A day when you haven’t done much physically?
6. What are your thoughts about physical activity?
7. What hinders you from being physically active?
8. What facilitates you being physically active?
9. Is there anything else that you would like to add about physical activity and your own
health and wellness?

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Appendix G: Information Sheet
Research topic: Perceived Impact of Physical Activity on Health and Wellness of Older Adults
in Northern British Columbia.
Purpose and goals of the research
The goal of this research is to understand older adults’ perspectives on the impact of physical
activity on their health and wellness. The study will also look at any challenges that older adults
may face in engaging in physical activity in the North and what they do to overcome these
challenges. The findings of this research will be beneficial to older adults and their families as
well as to Northern Health and agencies / programs involved in delivery of services to older
adults in Prince George. Completion of this research and subsequent thesis will also meet
criteria for the researcher’s Masters of Social Work degree at the University of Northern British
Columbia.
How participants are chosen
Adults aged 65 years and older, and residents of Prince George are invited to participate in the
research. If interested the participants are to contact the researcher to express interest.
What you will be asked to do
Participants may volunteer to be in a focus group or individual interview. The focus group is
expected to be approximately an hour in duration. Individual interviews are also expected to be
an hour in length. The focus group will take place at the Prince George Council of Seniors office
and the individual interviews will take place at a location agreeable to the participants.
Participants will also be asked to complete a brief paper questionnaire related to demographic
information (e.g., age, gender, marital status, education, household income, etc.).
Access to your responses
The people who will have access to focus group and interview transcripts are the researcher
Amita Gabriel and her supervisor Dawn Hemingway, Associate Professor, University of
Northern British Columbia School of Social Work.
Voluntary Participation
Participation in this research is completely voluntary. You may withdraw at any time without
explanation or consequence. Should you choose to withdraw, your information will also be
withdrawn. You also have the option to answer only the questions you choose to.
Potential risks and benefits
There are no perceived risks to participants. Benefits of participation include gaining a better
understanding of senior participants’ view regarding the impact of physical activity on their
health and wellbeing as well as learning more about what helps and hinders seniors’ access to
physical activity. This knowledge is expected to assist community organizations and agencies to
help older adults’ better access to appropriate physical activity.

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Anonymity and confidentiality
The names of participants in the focus group as well as individual interviews will not be used in
any reporting. No information will be used that could identify the participants. Participants may
be directly quoted with pseudonyms. Only the researcher and her immediate supervisor will have
access to the data. Consent forms and transcripts will be stored separately. All personal
information in the form of physical and electronic records will be secured safely and
confidentially. Pseudonyms will be used to differentiate individual participants’ input/words.
Throughout the research, the researcher will make every effort to ensure that participant identity
is not revealed directly or indirectly. Of course, participants in the focus group will be known to
each other. Information provided by participants may be reflected in the final report and in
publications or presentations. However, names and identifying information will not be used.
What will happen if participants withdraw
If participants withdraw from the research, any information obtained from the participants will
also be withdrawn and destroyed in a secure manner.
How information and demographic questionnaires is stored, for how long, and how it will
be destroyed
The researcher will make voice recordings with your consent and transcribe these recordings.
Consent forms will be stored in a locked cabinet in the research supervisor’s office. Digital
recordings will be stored in a secured drive in password protected files. The stored information
will be retained no longer than 5 years from the time of completion o f the research, at which time
all electronic files and digital recordings will be deleted and all paper copies will be shredded.
Concerns and complaints
In case of any questions about this research, please feel free to contact the researcher Amita
Gabriel on her cell no at 250-552-9242, email gabriel@unbc.ca; or her immediate supervisor
Professor Dawn Hemingway at 250-960-5694 at the UNBC School of Social Work or email
hemingwa@unbc.ca. If you have any complaints or concerns about the research, please contact
the UNBC Office of Research at 250-960-6735, email reb@unbc.ca.
How to get a copy of the research results
Upon request a copy of the results will be posted to you at the address you provide or via email,
as soon as available upon completion of the research.
Please keep this information letter for your own records.
I sincerely thank you for your interest in this research.
Amita Gabriel
Master of Social Work student, University of Northern British Columbia
Phone: 250-552-9242
Email: Gabriel@unbc.ca

78

Appendix H: Consent Form

uftoc

UNIVERSITY OF
NORTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA

Consent Form
Research topic: Perceived Impact of Physical Activity on Health and Wellness o f Older Adults

in Northern British Columbia.
I,

, the undersigned, agree to participate in this research on

the perceived impact of physical activity on health and wellness of older adults, as described in
the attached information sheet.
I have received and carefully read the information sheet and understand that I am being asked to
participate in a one-time, focus group or an individual interview to provide my thoughts,
opinions, and experiences on this topic to the degree that I am comfortable doing so. I understand
that, if I volunteer to be interviewed or participate in a focus group I am also being asked to give
my consent to audiotape the interview or focus group. I understand how the interview and focus
group tapes and any other notes taken during the interview or focus group will be handled in a
confidential and anonymous manner.
I understand my rights as outlined in the information letter and that I can refuse to answer any
question without providing any reason for my decision. I understand that I can withdraw from
participating at any time in the study and in the case of individual interviews ask for the audiotaping be stopped at any time even though I consented to it earlier.
The risks and benefits associated with this study as presented in the information sheet have
been satisfactorily explained to me. All my questions have been answered. I have been assured
of confidentiality, respect, and the choice not to participate in any discussions or interviews. I
agree to be directly quoted using pseudo names.
1 I I willingly participate in this research.

Name o f the Participant:

Witness (Researcher):

Signature: __________

Signature: ________

Date (D/M/Y ear):____

Date (D/M/Year):__

79

Appendix I: TCPS Certificate

Certificate o f Completion
This is to certify tfiat

Amita Gabriel
has completedthe InteragencyJldvisory <Panefon ^search Hthics'
Introductory Tutorialfo r the
Tri-CounciC(PoGcyStatement <Etfnca(Conductfo r (Research Invoking Jfumans (TCPS)

IssuedOn: September 15, 2010