BRITISH COLUMBIA D e p a r t m e i ( t o f FOREST L a n d * a n d SERVICE Forests W h e n mD T arking andN 'S O stands for cutting M A N A G E , M E . N T ; D I V I S I O N BRITISH C O LUM BIA FOREST SERVICE PUBLICATIO N B .47 First Edition, 1958— 2,000 Illustrations by J. Pickford PREFACE B r i t i s h C o lu m b ia is e n d e a v o u r in g to p l a c e h e r f o r e s t s on a s u s t a i n e d - y i e l d b a s i s . T h is m e a n s the f o r e s t s m u s t be m a n a g e d r a ­ t h e r than m i n e d . T o m a n a g e a f o r e s t , it is n e c e s s a r y to p la n the h a r v e s t s o that the land w ill con tin u e t o p r o d u c e . A c o m m o n tech n iq u e e m p l o y e d in m a n a g in g B . C . f o r e s t s is to m a r k the t r e e s to be cu t, o r the t r e e s to be le f t . M a r k in g t r e e s is an e x a c t in g and d e ­ m a n d in g t a s k , c o m b in in g p h y s i c a l and m e n t a l s k i l l s . T h e im p o r t a n t f a c t o r to c o n s i d e r is not the a c tu a l m a r k in g but the r e a s o n s f o r the m a r k in g . In this b o o k le t , an attem p t has b e e n m a d e t o p o r t r a y s o m e o f the c o m m o n m i s t a k e s w h ich o c c u r in m a r k i n g . It is h o p e d that by p r e s e n t in g t h e s e p o in t s in a h u m o r o u s v e in , th e y w ill be m o r e e a s i l y r e c o g n i z e d and m o r e r e a d i l y a v o id e d . M A N A G E M E N T DIVISION, M a r c h , 1958. V icto ria , B. C. DO Leave trees, the rem oval of which would cause excessive dam age. DON’T M ark trees which would be difficult to rem ove w ithout excessive dam age. DO Leave isolated trees. DON’T M ark individual, isolated trees. If there is oniy one tree in the vicinity, ieave it. IT IS N O T W O R T H A N O P E R A T O R ' S W H I L E T O L O G IT DO DON’T M ark both forks of a "school m arm .’’ M ark one fork of a "school m arm .” IT W I L L ONLY MYSTIFY THE O P E R A T O R . roo^ DONT Choose w ell-form ed thrifty stems representative of the best elements in the stand. Concentrate on a ny single species. DO W atch carefully the percentage being m arked and try to achieve a balance betw een w ha t is desirabie economically and silviculturally. DON’T M ark more than 4 0 percent unless otherwise instructed. W ith the ro ad -clea rin g, this wiii become 5 0 percent. THE R E M O V A L O F A L A RGE R JEOPA RD IZ E THE S T AND . PERCENTAGE WI LL DO Give p rio rity of m arking to the large, o ver-m ature stems and those with scars, broken tops, "school marms,” sweep, etc. DON’T M ark the smaller diameters and don’t m ark the th rifty, w ell-form ed stems. (These are required for the n e x t cut.) DO T ry to rem ove trees w ith crowns raised above the general canopy level. DON’T Leave "superdom inants.” DO M ark heavily in draw s, swamps, or other places w ith poor drainage. DON’T M ark single trees in draw s, swamps, o r other places with poor drainage. (This will o nly lead to b lo w -d o w n .) DO M ark trees dam aged in road-building adjacent to skid-roads. DON’T Leave damaged trees immediately adjacent to skid-roads. DO Leave w ind-breaks o r m ark v e ry lightly in areas adjacent to clear-cut draws o r swamps. DON’T Commence m arking im m ediately after cleaning out a d ra w , swam p, or poorly drained a re a. (It m ay encourage progressive b lo w -d o w n .) DO Place the butt-m arks as low as possible, pre fe rab ly betw een the root-collar w here It cannot be sluffed off. DON’T Place the butt-m arks high up on the bole. THIS WILL E N C O U R A G E WA S TE A N D THE MARKS MA Y SLUFF OFF. Leave boundary trees. DON’T M ark boundary trees. d o t DON’T Lay out strips paraiiei to the contour in steep to po g ra p hy. Lay out strips against the contour. DON’T Make strips w ider than three times the average maximum height of the stand on ievel ground, and five times average maximum height on slopes. DO T ry to la y out strips so that th e y are at right angles to the prevailing winds. DON’T Lay out strips paraiiel to the prevailing winds. DON’T DO Round off the corners. I Leave sharp corners or unnatural shapes. (Th e y will suffer wind dam age.) DON’T Lay out cut-strips so that th e y are in, o r ciose to, draws. (Th e y m ay be subject to b io w -d o w n .) | DON’T Locate "le ave-strip s” across skid or haul roads. DO M ark butt-m arks on all line-trees. DON’T Forget to m ark butt-m arks on all line trees. (O therw ise there will be no check.) DON’T DO M ark the best trees I with V i to ya-erow n, straight boies, and good form . POOR 1 I M ark "w o if” trees o r misshapen, deform ed stems. PARENTS PROGENY. SELDOM PRODUCE THE I BEST ^ DO T ry to m ark seed-trees on the w ell-d ra in e d , higher ground. DON’T M ark seed-trees located in draws or depressions. DON’T M ark trees with high root systems. DO M ark seed-trees, well a w a y from skid-roads and landings. DON’T M ark seed-trees im mediately adjacent to skid roads or landings. DON’T M ark a seed-tree if there is possibility it m ay be dam aged by "stripping” b y leaners. DO Locate seed-blocks on w ell-dra in ed ground. DON’T Locate seed-blocks in draw s, swamps, or p oorly drained areas. (Th e y m ay blow d o w n .) DO Change the shape of a seed-block to fit the to po gra p hy. DON’T Stick to a rigid shape or pattern of seed-biock in roiiing or steep to po gra p hy. (It m ay encourage w ind dam age.) DO Locate seed-blocks on ground not required fo r roads o r iandings. DON’T Locate seed-biocks across probabie extraction routes. (Th e y wili oniy be cut— and then w h a t? ) Locate a seed-biock within on e-ha if chain of a n y skid o r haui road or ianding. (Biocks wiil be vuinerabie if so exposed to excessive dam age.) DOTDON’T M ark the blocks so that the marks face the logging. M ark the blocks so that the marks are obscured or at right angles to logging. O T H E R W I S E THEY MAY G E T C U T I N TRESPASS.