On the shores amongst the conifers, are small aspen and black
cottonwood, western birch, willow and alder. Several small flats
have a dense shrubbery of mountain ash Pyrus occidentalis, Rocky
Mountain maple Acer glabrum, huckleberry Vaccinium membranaceum,
soopolallie, black twin-berry, service berry Amelanchier alnifolia,
dogwood Cornus stolonifera, waxberry, rose, highbush cranberry
Viburnum pauciflorum, false box, red raspberry Rubus strigosus,
swamp gooseberry Ribes lacustre, thimble berry (Fig. 13), red
elder Sambucus racemosa, birch-leaf spirea and goat's board Arun-
cus sylvester, (Fig. 14). Where clearings have been made in the
forest a dense undergrowth of fern, thimble berry, goat's beard,
black twin-berry, alder and other shrubs quickly grow to a height
that hides the stumps of the felled trees. There are a number of
such places, the one of greatest extent being a road slashing extend-
ing for several miles northward from the south end of the lake (Fig.
15). Here goat's beard grows to a height of six and seven feet with
flower spikes 18 inches in length. These brushy clearings and the
small areas of deciduous woods have a bird population, chiefly
warblers, greater in density than I have observed elsewhere in the
forests of British Columbia. Each of the numerous populations was
similar in composition, consisting usually of Tennessee warbler,
magnolia warbler, Macgillivray warbler and water-thrush; some also
included a pair of redstarts, Lincoln sparrow or song sparrow.
Amongst the conifers along the edges of the clearings were western
tanager, red-breasted nuthatch, olive-backed thrush, warbling vireo,
chipping sparrow and Oregon junco.

There are a number of large, forested islands in the lake and
between them and the mainland narrow channels, some with long
marshy bays, extend inland. The beach along the main part of the
lake and the shelving lake bottom is composed largely of boulders
of rather uniform size from four to six inches in diameter. The
water is clear, cold and of a brownish tinge. One of the marshy
bays referred to extends eastward for about three-quarters of a
mile. The water is shallow over a predominantly marl bottom; a
mixed forest of conifers, western birch, alder and black cotton-
wood reaches the shore for the greater part of its length on both
sides but here and there small fingers of land covered with shrub-
bery and terminating in marsh growth extend outward. The shrubbery
is chiefly dwarf birch, willow, alder, black twin-berry, and on the
outer margins grow hardhack, marsh cinquefoil and buckbean Menyanthes
trifoliata. The terminal marshy tracts are composed of whitetop,
tall reed grass, spike rush, and horsetail Equisetum arvense, EK.
palustre, E. limosum.

A small sluggish creek empties into the end of this bay. Its
shores are hidden by masses of alder, dwarf birch, black twin-
berry and red-osier dogwood that-in places form an arch over the
channel On its margin water arum grows thickly (Fig. 16). On
the alluvial deposit at its mouth was found the largest amounts
of submerged flora seen anywhere on the lake. This consisted of

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