R S()lJ R E DE\ TELOP 1E T 11 T il E BEA F()Rl~ SE T IIR()l 1 , II T H L ~S () F T il E 1\l E DI A R B; Ah• cia 1\ lutu a l 111\ C l ~ ll)' of ( alga r;. 2010 A\ , T ill L.B\1lTT l D I'\. P <\R J I \I r ' I Fill \1[ '\. f C)F T l I [· R l Q L. I RI· 1r ~ I I 0 R f I I f D f C, R f· I· 0 f L \1\ TI R O T \RI I~ I~ T E R D I C IP LI"' \ R) ' ~ f l ' DII UNIVERSITY of NORTHERN BRITISH COLUMBIA LIBRARY Princ8 George, B.C. U IVER ITY OF ORTHER BRITT II COL UMBI A March 20 16 ©Alyc ia Mu tual, 2016 ( ; IO ~ ..II The n1ed ta · ~ r o lc 1n ~ hapt ng \1 ct tc pcrceptton' rccc t\ c~ IJ ttlc a ttent ton d n1 ong nort hcrn ~c h olar. )Ct tht ' 1~ ''here n1o' t cttt;cn" obtatn llllollntttton about th e \J ett e }I\ en th e t cg ron' geogra ph tea I ren1 otcnc"'· the rn cd tel tc.1 kc on "u b\tan t Ia I pen\ ct to 111 nucncc crt t/Cil\' percept ton .. J"ht s rc ca rch cr tlt ca ll y exa nltn c'-. IHl\\ pr111t rncd ta pt c"c nt 1 c~o urcc de\ clopn1 cnl mthc BcauCOit ' ca region rhc projec t con" ' ' ' ora qualrtalt\ e dt \COlll '-e analy'-t"i co tnparin g local 11C\\'-I'Hlpcr' \\tth nattonal nc'' '-Pdpcr (t c notth -,outh) a' ''ell a' Cana<.ban and 1\ rncn can ne'' ' Pc.l per<;, To led t n 11101 e about not thct n 1ncu Ja. an ttdd 1t tonal cornponcnt o I th " rc ca rch mclude" tntcnt C\\' \\tth \ 1\.J Ournd lt "l" ''ho \\Ork tnth c north (Fa11bank' and Ycllo\\kntfc) The ' tud] ".hO\\'- ho\\ natt onal nc""PdPCI'\ tend to portr ay tndu"tty and th e fc ucral go\c rnn1 ent a th e n1atn dcct,ton -nlakc t" ''hen 1t come to rc,our cc dc\clopn1cnt. wherea~ loca l nc\\ "paper tend to a""e' t the pO\\ cr o l local InciJ gc nou" grnup" and nlunt ctpal \ tate ten tlonal gcn crnn1CJ1l<;, Kcyv.ords cultura l "tudt c\, te\ou rcc dc\clnprn cnt. north ern stud1es. rnedta \lUdtC'- Il l TABLE () F C> ~ T ENTS b ~ trac t 11 ... III Tab le of ContcnL \ I 1 ~ t ofTable ll ~ t of r l g urc ~ \ II 1 ~ t of A crony 111 ~ \ Ill AcknO\\ ledgc ..... Jncnt IX I 11 t1oduct1011 I Purpo c o I th e Rct..c,u ch ln1portan cc dnd \ ' d Iuc n I the Rc"ca rc h Theo reti cal fra1nC\\ 0 1k Rc"nurcc De\ clopnlC11l 111 th e Bcd uro rt '>c,t Region .. umm an. of I 1ndrn .l!.~ 0\ en I C\\ of C h,1 ptcr" , Ull1lllal\ - Chapter One Chapter T\\'0 Chapter Three ThcorctJ cal FrarnC\\ ork Cultural tud1 c" Kc) Co nLcph p pI 1 111 g CuI t u ra I tu d 1c ~ to thc \11 c d 1a ppl ) mg Cultural t u d1 c~ to th e \1 cd ltt in th e ArLll c Ul111113f\t I .... 6 X II 14 17 19 20 24 2X - '3 1 ll 1 ~ to n ca l '32 32 35 V5 ont cx t Cultural tud1 c~ and Re<.,o urce De\ elopn1cnt Ala ka tate hood Th eA/a \ka ,V otn·e Clanns Settlen1ent Act 36 The 1orth lope Borough Alaska Today. O tl Dependence The ort lnve t Tern to riel) Fron1 Fur to Otl Goven1n1ent of the orth \\ e t Tern to n e The lnu\'Jal!ut Fn1al Agreen1ent Po t-Moratoriun1 Sun1mary 40 Methodology tatement of A un1ption. Focus on Print Mcd1 a 42 44 44 44 46 49 5I 54 55 5X IV Qual1tatJ\ c D1 ~co ur ~c nal) ~ ~ cn11 - tructUt cd I ntcl\ t C\\ ~ Lunitat1on .. un1rnar) Chapter r our e\'- pa pl: r ~ . . 1gn di c r~ Untted State~ at1onal C\v~ papc 1 ~ G1 oundm g or h e ll' ~ 1\u//uh Dnll ~ h1p D1choton1\ oll · rn11 o nm c ntalt ~ t~ and I ndu ~ try \\ Jld \ltt ~ k.tl Dependence The \ aflonal Po' t fh e '\orth \\e~ l Tetr iton e\ 1~ R1pc for ln\ e~l Jn e nt CF T BLE, 1 able 1 I C\\ ~ rttclc~ Publ1~hed in 2011. Re fer encing R c~ourcc '-' De\ eloptnent 111 the Beaufort ea Regio n Tab Ie 1 2 e\\ ~ Art icIc Tab Ie~ 61 64 Tab le 1 1 J o urnalt s t ~ · R e ~ p o n ~e~ Coded b) Que~t1on ·rable 1 4 Inten JC\\ Table 6 I ue tton~ Coded b\ Con1n1on Code~ a nd atc l!Jt c Cocks .; ou rcc~ CJted 111 20 11 ~C\\ "Jl,lpcr \ Tt1blc 6 2 '1o"t- and Lca\t- Con1n1on ourLC\ 111 '\c\\\paper" Rcfc1enLing Rc\Ollt cc De\ clopn1cnt 111 the Bc,ntlort c,l. 20 11 6X 12X 110 ~------------------------------------------------------------------------------ VII Frgurc 1. 1 Map of th e Bea ufort . ea Rcg ron 9 Ftgurc 2. 1 Map or th e 19 rth lope Ror ough f-i gure 2 2 Map of th e lnu\talurt Scttl crnc nl Rcg ton 47 ~----------------------------------------------------------------------- ... VIII L I ST <>F AC R() . ' 'l\t AC s<;,oc tatton of anad1an LJni\ Ct \ ttt c\ fot Ala ~ k.a Fcdcratt on of atl\ c~ orth cn1 AI-AK Ala ~ ka C . . A , 1/a.,J..a 1a t n ·e Clann\ 5)ett leJn en l 1( 1 A W R: Ia~ k a a t iona I \~ tl dI tfc Rc fu }.?. c A . RC Ar ct1 c . . lope Rcg1onal Corporat 1011 B P B n t1\ h Petrolcurn CBC Ca nadtan Bro<.td ca~ ltn g Corporati on C I· 0 ·h1c f [ \. ccut 1\ c 0 ffi c c r A ~ COPI· Con1111tttce fo r n g 111al People" · Fnti tlcrncnt (J \\ r ( jo\ et 11111C11l or the "\o rlh \\ C\ t I Cl r ito t ics IC ' Jnutt Cu cutnpolar Cou nc1l I RC I nu \ 1d Illl t Rcg 1onaI C o rp or c1 t 1o n ITK Inu1t Taptrut Kanatan11 I CJ l 1quc fi cd atural Ga" Ml A Mcn1bcr ofLcg tl atl\c \ " Cln bl: M P Member of Parlt dn1ent RI un\ aut Rc\carch In t1tu tc \\'T ~o rth \\ c~ t Tern ton e orrc O rga ni /U tton or Pctrolcu n1 r \. f1(·f't i ng ( ou ntrt C\ TAP Tran\- la ka P1peltnc )\tern u. nttcd . . tate\ of An1cn ca tudt c\ ~------------------------------------------------------------------------------ IX A K~() \VLED , ' 1Et T It hough th e tn ak tng of th1" the 1" took n1c qt11te ~o n1e tun c. I '' otdd not t1 ade the C\. pcnence~ I had a. a graduate ~tudcnt at the l rnt\ et "tty of orthe rn B1 Jtt '-lh Coltunbta for anythtn g I grcv.' not only a. an acaden11 C hut al"o a a per on Fit st and forc tno'-lt. I would ltkc to thttnk my co-'-lupcn 1 01 • Dr Gat y W ll ~ on and DJ. Maryna Rotnanct ~ for thctr n1cntOJ '-Ihtp. thcu 1tnaluablc tnput. and th cu pattencc I vvotdd al'-lo ltke to thank th e n1 cn1bcr of Ill )' co nHntttee. Dt I leather , 1111th and Dt (itttl I ondah L a~ ''ell a~ 111\"' e\.tcrnal exa rnm cr. Dt Ken dtne Thank" to 111) 0\\11 IIR , fundtng. th e '-. orth etn ctentifi c Tratning Progtan1. LJ BC lt avel \\\aH.l '-1. and Dr Gaf\ \\'Il o n ·~ llR C fundttH..!. I \ t ~ tt ed Fc11rha nk ~. ltHl\ ik. Ycllo\\kntfe. Ku uuuaq. Quebec Ct t). a Iga ry. and \\ 1nnt peg. \ ~ ~on1conc \Vho Iea t n" he '-I t by ·dotng.' ll cl\ elm g pt O\ed tn ~tru n1 e ntal to 111~ t c"e~.u ch and C'\pa nd ccl 111) pet"pe<..tr\e'-1 I tate~ prc~en t re~Otl l le clcveloplncnt tn the Bea ufort ~ ca rcgton° .., - I Ic)\\ do ·north ern' and · ou th c1n · p11 nt mcd itt prc~en t rc"olll cc dcve lopmc nt in th e Beau fort ca region<) ._ 3 \\hat arc the \anatton and ''hat c.l tc the "'m ilantte" bet\\Cen J1C\\~pttpe r Co\c ragc'? If ~ 1111tlantt c\ and dlfTcrcncc..., occu r. then "hy > 4. Mo\t tn1portantl y. \\hat ro l e~ 1111ght pttnt media play 111 ~hap tng perccptton..., o f the Arcttc, or do the) play a role at all? Underl ying the~ c four qu e tion arc three more que t1 on that help fran1c th e rc\ca reh and ht ghltght the role that multiple cpi temolog tc<; and power dynan1ic~ play. They arc a\ a) What 1 uc do print media ht ghltght along tde rc ourcc dcvclopn1cnt 111 the Beaufort . . ca rcg1on? I rc ourcc dcvelopn1cnt portrayed a~ a tngu lar i uc or J\ 1t connected to t<;~uc~ ltkc SO\ erctgnty. regional autonon1y, 0 1 cltnlatc change? ' lhc pa1k \\US created to pre~ene the Porcup1nc ca11bou herd'.., yearly mtgratJon (Berge•. 19XX) "' The lmll 'tk Drum and NeH s- Norlh arc publl..,hcd \\ ccld y and arc both ov~ ned by N01 thcrn NC\\-.. ~en 1cc-... a news out let ba~cd ou t of Yc llowknt fe Nell'\ - orth 1-.. th-.. tnbutcd throughout the ten I lOt)' \\ hll c the /nu\ tk Drum focuses on Jn uv1k and the Beaufort Delta rcg1on The Fwrhank\ Doth News - Aftne1 1s locally O\\ ned antl1o.., the mo~l northern dally newspaper 111 Alao..,ka cc Chaplc1 !·ou r for more infonnat1on about the nC\\ ..,papc1o.., and thcu rcadcr~hi p ---------------------------------------------------------4 b) What ty PC" 0 f knO\\ ledge arc Cl ted a" "Oll rce~ 0 r expert I <:,e') \\h) ') c) What type ~ ofknovvledgc !He "ll cnced'! Cotnpanng hO\\ the tnedJa port1a; te"our ce de\ elop rncnt o rfet an enhanc ed li O\\ \\ Ill th1" (.l f kLt llllten" \\ ho nc\ cr \ '"'t the north) 'nttutlly e'Ca1111111ng hO\\ nC\\ c;,paper" portre~ as rc pre~e n ted 1n na tiona I po ltcy docu n1 en h f ot th e \1 ctt c . tend to ctn ph a\ 11e th e peace f u I na lure or th e 1cg1on·· ( 20 11 212) l lc1 "tudy. "Pttn" fj, e J\ t ct tc \ ta t c~ and a Iso 1nc ludes 111 tc 1\ 1c '\ "> '' 1th pub II c c n an h hc co ncl udc" "t hc f~un iIt a r nt1 n a tn c o f g cop o Iit1c \ a nd geopolitica l com pct1l1 on ecn1" to lend thcll'\\cll to popular in1agination" (2011 241 ). I hope to budd upon\\ 11 on RO\\e· (2011) tC\e,uLh not onl} by. tak tng a different thcotctt ca l approach. hut a l\o by narrO\\ 1ng 1n on a ~tng l c 1cgi on. the Rca u fo rt <)ca. by co n1 pa 1111 g Iocal 111ed ia \\ tlh natt OilaJ ll1 Cd ta. an d h} llllCI\ I C\\ 1ngjournalJ\t~ lll ~tcad o f public SCI \i.ll ll<.;, f ht \ rc\ca rch '' tll a I o dctcm11nc '' hcther the 1c~ttl h arc ~ 1111 ilc.1r and '' hcthcr the rncd Hl do tend to fran1c ' ~"uc"' 1n the contc\.t of eonfl tll C ornpdring northen1 local nc'' "Pet per"' with ~o u thcrn ntl t 1ona l nC\\ ~paper add\ to the cu n en t 1C\CclrLh tn the fi c Id. I IO\V, then, do dtfTcrcnt Il C\\ "'paper tel l the ~tory ol re\OUI cede\ elopn1cnt 111 the north? Theoretical Fran1ework In order to better conceptualt/e the re~earc h que tion , th15 the~~~ u~c~ a cultural ~tudt c theoretical framc\\'Ork to rnforn1 not only the role of the n1cdta but a l ~o a\ a len~ \Vith v. ht ch to\ Je\\ de\elopment in the Beaufort ca rcgton. Cultural ~ludic '"'a "'ll ltable approach bcca u e of it affiliat ion w1th crit1cal literary th eory a5 v.-cll a conunun1 cat ton studi e. , both of whi ch often u c th e medw as a unit of anal y i (Dunng, 2007: 1fall , 2007). More in1portantl y, though , cultural , tudi cs th cori t like Rol and Barthes ( 19Hg) and Donna 7 Ilarav.ay (2000: 20 10) ad\ oca te fot te\ea rch that c 1 ea t c~ ~pa ce for ernbtac 111g cotnpl e\ tl)'. recog.ntnng that knO\\l cdgc ~ ~a forn1 o f pO\\ Ct, celebrating tntcttc\lualtt}." clnd allo\\tn g tnulttpl e kno'' ledge to 1ntcr~ect Pellwp"'. th en. an mt erc t1n g \\a} to fnun c a t e~ea t ch prOJeC t I ~ to rethtnk th e 11011011 th at " thcte I ~ 11 0 100111 Ill tht l:) tn odern ~OC ta l inW glllal'y fot a d1~-o rdc red \VOrld'' ( C\\bury, 201 I 117). In th e l\\ cnty- fir"'t century.'' hete mfo1n1at io n dart~ at ll\ fr0111 e\ CI)' dtrcc t1011 c111d \\h erC th e \ U(1r CllWC) of [ nlt ghten111Cil t \a Jue~ begt 11 ~ lo brcc1k d0\\11 (Baudrillard. 20 10: ll arct\\,1). ")010: .lan1 c"o11. 20 10. I ;otdr <.l. 20 10) perl1ap~ d1 ~order ca n brtng ll C\\ pcr"'pcc tt\ C\ I or a 1cgton ltke the Beaufo rt <)ett, a cu itu ra I stud te\ len" '' ould ' 1ew a ~o\ crci gnty dt spu tc ( Bycr~. 2009, irant. 20 10: Jriflit h ~ et al.. 20 11 ) a~ 1nteJl\\ 1ntng \\ tlh multtple ~ ~~u e~ 6 . uch a ~ offshore dnllm g, InJtgenou\ \elr-g.o\e ll1 ance. clt nlatc change, ttndtti onal knO\\ ledge\, Jnd Canadtan an d \tn cr 1cttn fotCit! n policy cultura I studies a ppt oac h IS tn~tnuncntal 111 e-xploring hO\\ thc\c '""'uc" mtcract ttnd \Vhat effec t ~ thc\e 111tc1ctltton"' have on local and nat1onal cultu re L tke'' t\e. the media ttrc c1l~o con1p lcx to study bcca u\C o f a n c\v ~ arttcle'\ rnany tnflucncc (for e-xa1nplc. th~ \\rttcr, th e publt~her. the country. the ad\ crt t ~er ). the rn tantanct ty "'1 th \\ h tc h nc\V ~ ca n ~prcad arou nd th e world through tec hnology, the pOV\'Cr new art1 cle hav e to ~ hapc knoV\IJcdge, and th e uncc rta111ty ~urroundtng how reader recci' c ne\\ ~. Cultural ~tud1 c thcon t~ JJk c Barth c~ c1 nd J Ia1away budd cffcctl\ c framc\vork applicable to ~tud y 111g both the Arctic and th e n1cdia. <:>ee 'Key Concept<.;.' or page 21. fo r a <.Jefillltlon of 1111~1 t~\tualit} ' S h~ lagh Grant de cn bes SO\ere1gnt y m th~ ArlllL a ... "mdn) . , ha<.J~.., of grey" (2010 401) "Th1 .., h1g h1Juhh the comp lex1ty "ourroun<.Jmg ccrta m 1c:,sue\ 111 th~ ArctJL . ..,o a ...... um mg m~c:,smec:,s mtght al ... o h~ J good plac~ to bcgm a research proJect SpecJfically 111 the Beaufort ~a Rcg1on. th~ Unttcd talc ami Ca nada arc tn dt..,putc O\cr a sma ll wedge of seabed Canada . ay. the bounda ry ..,hou ld C\ tend c:,tratght from the lc.~nd V\hcJca ... th~ lJn1t~<.J States clau11s the boundary shou ld be adJusted 90 degrees from the land (Huebert. 2009) l3oth cou nttJ cc:, currentl y cooperate 10 shanng sc tence and mappmg the rcg1on, \\ Jth the goa l of dctcrmmtng to"' hom the seabed be longs 1 8 Re.\ otu·ce Develop1nent in th e Beauf ort S ea Region Roth th e lo rth\\ e~ t fernto11 c~ clJH.l Ala ~ka ha\ e a length} h1 ~tO t 't 111 \\h 1ch tc~our cc dcve loprnent mtcrtv.tne \\Jlh t ~ u c~ l1kc tcg tonal autonotn). ~O\eJ c t g nty , f nd t genou~ 'tclfdetern1 1natton and n1orc rece nt ly. cl1 Jnate change Th1 ~ ~ ~ e~pcc wll y appa renltn the Beaufo rt , ca reg1on (~ec F1gurc 1.1) ''hen co n ~ 1d e r mg f>lp elln C't and od e'.. tJa ctJ on /\ la'tka ·~ \ la tehood. th e ereat 1011 of th e '-: orth ~lope Borough. dnd th e A la\AO \ ot" '( ('hull/\ \..elf lelllent Ac 1 all co nn ec t to fH Opo. a I\ fo1 Je...,ou rcc J e\ clopmen t In north\\C\lC111 ( dl1cH.Ia. sin111d t p1opo'-:a l" led to th e creat rnn of th e '\orth\\C\t l etJJtOII e\ dnd th e sign111 c nft hc lnu\lalull Fn]{t/ lgre( JJiellf la...,ka and the No rth'' e\l Tell 1tort c" ( \\ I ) arc hon1e to nun1crou~ JndJ gcnou't ..., co n1n1unllle\, n1an} or,, hom \\C Je <.lccpl; im pacted b) the d i ~Co\ery o l orl and nat ural gas re~e n c. on th e \la...,kan ort h ~ l ope 111 1 96~-69 and 111 Tuktoyaktuk. ~\\t J in 1970 (( ,rant 20 I 0). The. e di,CO\ cn c 1n1ultancou\l} triggered land clain1 negotiation. fo r many northern Ind1 gcnou con1n1u n1t1 c\ ~ c 1thcr \la\kan\ nor re~1dcnt~ of the '-Jorth \\e't t Ternton e" \\en.: content to \\atch a re...,ourcc ro;alt1e~ flo,ved out of the region and into the • hand of th e federal gove rnment . L1ke"' 1~c. IndJ gcnouc:, con1n1un Jti e" v. ere not abou t to \ tand till a mdu try tnfiltratcd their tradttional tern ton es. The orth wc~t Tcrntorie~ fir~ t elected 1t lcgt lat1ve a cmbly in 1975 (A luntk ct al., 2003) and aw th e forn1atron of organl/ation ~ uch a ~ the on1n1ittee for Onginal People\· Entttlcn1cnt (COP ) 111 1970 to protect Aboriginal intere t during the 0 11 boo n1 (Alu ntk ct al., 2003: 17 ). LtkC\\ 1\e, Ala~ka attatned statehood 111 1959 (Haycox, 2002a) and th e Ala~ka Fcdcratton of atl\ e (AF ) fonncd 111 lmllgcnous groups m Alaska : Unanga n (A leut ), I lmgJt and ll ai da , ugp 1aq (Aiul lltj ), Yup1k, Ii1up~at. and Athabaskans (SchwellLer et al. , 20 14) lnd1 gcnous g•oup\ m the No rthvve. t Tcrntoncs ln u\wlu 11 lnu1L Dcnc. and Mct1s (GN W J Webs1te. August 27, 2013) 7 9 196() ( Bc:tg.cl. 19RS 1 1) Both C<> PI and the \ I " \\ere lncltg.cnou" ,t<.hnc:,ll\ nrgant;ations. not dcct\tOil-111dk.tng organtlt.ltion" J cdc:tal go\c:tnnlc:nh \\C:rc: quH:k.h 111\nhc:d hcL(lliSC: the otl and ga" 1ndu\ll) encouraged go\ct nn1c:nts tn nc!-!nttdte lndigc nou" lttrH.ILI,un1" Ftonl a bu\inc:~~ pcr~pcctt\C. politic,\11: "table c:on1nHtntltc:\ llldk.c tll\C\llllcnh n1otc appc:altng (Berger. I 9R5. I c:ngc. 2009: I Ja: co'\. _()() 1) \ " \\C:II c.l\ \ ~( \ . ttnothc:t inlluentiallkll'-'ion link.tng go\L'rtlllll'll t instituttonl.\. Jndtt!C:nou" cnn1111llt1tltc:-.... ,1nd industn. tKllliTL'd in I 977 ''hen the Cant~di<:tn t!_()\L'I'Il llH.:nt ~ ~ dnlling along the ptnpO\Cd \l,Kk.en ziL' \dill': Pipeline route ror ll'll :l'i.II"S. I his dc:la: pnn H.kd tin1c I(H \hnri ginal conlnHtllJlJ L'-.... like till· lnu \ i'tluit. to 11L'gotit~tc: therr land clainl\ Figure 1. 1 \l apofthr Braufnrt ~t·:t Rt•gion © BEAUFORT SEA rMa cor1 BoId Togcthcr. the \tgndier and the \ tgnlficd m.tke up the t.i lgn (Bat the~. 1972) ee page 21 for n more dcta tl ed t.k~tnpt t on of cm tottc<.; I) My Iolii mu111 re~earc h questtons arc I) I low do pnnt mcd ta m C.anada nnd the Unttcd ',talc~ prc~cnl re..,ource dc\clopment 111 the Beaufort Sea reg10n'> 2) II O\\ do ' northern ' nnd 'southern ' pnnt mcdta prc~ent rc~ourcc development 111 the Beaufort Sea regron') 3) What arc the va natton!) and what ure the ~ tmrl a ntt c~ bet\\ ccn ncw\papcr coverage? 4) Most importantl y, what roles mtght pnnt medta play m ~ h ap in g percept ton.., of the J\rcttc, or do they piny a role at all? In f- or a detailed dc...,cnpt1on of what these stgnlfi crs unpl y 111 th1 " rc...,carch. \CC \CClton Chaplet Four. 12 ne\\~paper~ ~pi t t "Protect De\ clop" in l\\ n. ~Jtuattng th cn1 on oppo tte end~ or a eont1nuun1 Protect1ng the Cl1\Ironn1ctlt and e\.tract1ng re~our c c~ do not go hand 111 hc1nd. they oppo~e each othe t In Ala~ ka , though, " Ptotcc t De\ clop"\\ ork tn balance. h1ghl1 g htlllg a con~c1ou ~ effort atnong rc ~ t dent ~ to benefit ft 0111 the\\ calth I C',OUrec C'\traCtiOJl of rc·r~. \ hJi e at the . an1e tin1e appreciate the beaut) o f th e not th thr ough "pend1n g t11n e out on the land In the tntentC\\~ , JOtnnalt ~ t noted hov~ nl ,ll1) national d c pt c t1 o n ~ of th e notth tend to take an ~ ~~ u c like te\ource ue\ clopm cnt out of tt' loc.,1l contc \t a nd appl ) 1t to a h1oade r. nat1onal conte \1. \\ hi ch hcgllh to all \ \\ er \t hy \ Jll dti ons nc.c ur ~lll) O ilg llC\\ \ pc.l pCr\ Dl\ id ing reside nts or the Beau fot t . _ ea 1cg1on 1nto \ UppoJlet" o I de' c lopmcnt \ ct ~ u~ e n\ 11 onn1cnto,(~ 11 C\\ ~ a tt tcle~ deptct the regton <1~ \ alu,thk in and of tl elL not ,1 ~ \Utt tnhlmg to ftnd its place 111 a ne\\ tnarket \ cco rdtn g to the"' ttLie"' puhlt "hed in the \ationo/ J>o,t. th e Bea ufort regio n ~ ~ teady fo r Ill\ e tn1ent \\ 'hen tl co rne"' to \ethack~. tn ~ t cad o f po111t111g the blan1c tO\\ a rd~ th e fed era I go\ cn1n1 en t. th e \ allonol Po' 1 "' h tft"' th e \\o rdtng \ l1 gh tl y. c Ia 11111 ng tha t tndU\ tl) I \ caut tOU due to the region'\ ht~tory orunatta ln cd prOJCCh In thi~ ~e n se. the VatJonal P(H/ portra;\ mdu try ih the pltt;cr \vho"'e decision~ ate the n1o\t 11npactfu l. Takmg a n1orc local per,pectl\c. ~le H' \orth·, drt tclc\ e\okc a ~en~e of'an tlltpatlon fo r reade r~. that th e 'orth\\ c t Tern ton e~ " hoon11 ng cconon1 tcall y and re~ tde n t~ ~ h ould l eel enthu~ta~tt c about th e future. Rat her than pron1o t1ng the region for potentia l tn vc~ to r~ JJk e 111 the Nat1ona/ Po.,(~;:, arttcle , ,Vews North pro m ote~ the benefit~ or re~ou rce deve lop n1ent fo r people who lt vc in the reg1on. The e dtfTcrcncc~ 1111ght cen1 ubtlc, but th ey "' hapc vvho reader perccn e a having agency to n1akc dcc tsion . A~ the onl y new paper in th 1 ~tudy ~ ttuatcd n ght in the Beaufort ea rcgton. the lnu'''k Dnon act the least exc ited for re~o urce ex tract ion and focu es attentton tn~tcad on the ex tension ofth e Den1pstcr Hi ghway and the 111Ultitude of benefit thi 'N tll bring. or th e c benefit s, like cheaper goods and more cn1ployn1cnt, th e lnu\'ik Dnon mentions better acces 14 to rco;;,our cc de\ clopn1ent onl y a an a\rde rh' " rnar k" an th er e'\a n1plc '' het c the ~ tot te that fit'' tthtn nattona l ne\\ ~ paper.;;, tnt ght not ncce o;;,~dr lly rnatch the ~ lOII C\ ' ' 1thtn loca l nc'' ~ papc1 s. 1 h e~o.,c \artalt011 re0ec t th e Jl\cd e\pel t e ncc~o., of the JOUrna JJ ~o., t o; , and the ne\\ "' outlet., tn c o rp o r a t tng thc 11 a u n1 p t 1on" a"' '' e II a"' thc 1r ' e r " 1on "' o r h ' to r) 1 h 1"' p1o 1ec t do e"' no t unply that one ne'' paper '" ' truer· than anothc t. or n1ore factual. hut rat het that resource dc,cloptnent 111 the Beaufort ec1 is intetpt ctcd accotding to each region and et~c h JOUtna lt \ t attonalne\\~o.,pdpcr~o., ha\c a l~uger r c,tdc t ~o.,ht p dtH.l thu nHJLh n1o tc po,,er to \hape p e r~ p cc tt \e\ than loca l ne\\ papet ..... \\ht t h Clectte~o., a ro\\el in1halance Rcade t"' (IJ C 1110Je ltkely to pcrccl\e tndu"'tf) or the fcdeJal l!.O\ctnment a" key player"' tn te . . owce dcvelopn1cnt and lc"'s ltkely to perccl\e the '- tgntfiCc.lllCC or loc<.tllcadcJ\ andre td cnts. This hclp~o., to an"'\\ er the rc"'earch que~ tJOJl " \\h at t) pc . . or kilO\\ ledge tire Jlcnccd?" This JC~o.,earth ht ghltghh th e unportance ofthtnk tn g cnt~tally ahout ''hat 1.;;, read in the nc""' Redclct"' can a~k then1"'e h eo;;, "hat a.. urnpt 1011"' llC\\"' at t tc lc" rnJkc. \Vho the nc\\"' art 1c lc"' c 1tc a"' ex pert.;;,, and how the news article n1tght fit mto natrona! and local narratJ\C~ Overview of Chapters Thi ecti on provide a qu1ck un1n1ary of the chapter that fol io'"' and e\pla tn "' ho\v they relate to there ea rch que tion . Chapter One begin \VJth an O\en Jc\\ of cultural studies, how it developed, and what type or que tion cu ltural tudt e th eon ~t~ tnight a. k. Next, I introduce Donna Haraway (2000~ 20 I 0) and Roland Barth e ( 198R) and dtsc u ~ ix concept th at fonn thi rc earch, th eo retical underpinning : en1i otic.. , JnteJiextuality, 15 n1ulttpl e knO\\ ledge , p o~ tn1 ode rntt y. \UO\ et<:, ton. and hegen1ony 1 he chaplet then add te\\e hO\\ cultural \tudtc\ 'tC\\ fonn of po'At et ( the n1 cd ta. en1pha\t/tng 1110\l tn1portantly that kilO\\ ledge '"a li en. 2001 ~ Barthc\, 19RX. [· \all\. 2002: Foucault. 2010 . J·ur\t eh. 2002. I laravvay, 2000, 20 I 0 ~ Roth. 2005) and thatJournalt \ t ~ arc reader<:, too (Bart h e~. 19XX ~ rur~tch . 2002) Ftnally, I cxa n11ne cultural \lud te\ 1c<:,ea rch co ndu cted on north ern tn edia and C\plam IH)\\ tl te nd ~ to take a po"tcolon ial len" 'J he"e \ tudt e<:, co ncluded e tth er that the tncdta act a" a too l of en1p0\\ et n1 ent for lnclt genou" LO n1n1unttt e~ ( D c.llc) & Jarn es, 200·+. r~ , <.lll\, 2002. Roth , 2005. \\ achtn\ tch c· th1n k Ill g ( I It gg ll1 " • 1\ I cnb te. 20 I 0) or that the rncdia pet pctuatc Ln lnntnl w, I 9 99) Chaplet f\\ O l oo k~ dee per tnto th e ht \ln by \ hO\\ Ca\ tn g the 1ntereonn cc tton bet\\ ee n re\our ce de' c lop rncnt and regt ona I au tonomy <) tar tt ng hroad ly \\tth la ~ka and the 1\:orth\\C\t Tcnttorte\, I argue tll tht \ t. haptct th c.lt the discovc rt e\ ol oil and ga~ Ill th e 1960 and 1970" "PCc.li hctt(kd the \ld le and terri tot)'" dc-..,trc" for rnore autonon1) fron1 th e federal go' en1n1ent \\ tth the e\ten\t\ e \\ealth that the oi l and ga~ tndu \ try can pro\ td e for a reg ron. rc\ tdcnt\ \\'anted to e n ~u rc that cxtrac tr on occ ur " on th crr 0\\ 11 tcnn. and that the benefit e\tend dtrcctly to con1n1unit1 c m ~ tead of \o lely to th e federal go en1n1ent. The c cnttment~ n1atched th ose of Jndr genou<; con1rnunttt c\ in Ala\ka and the orthwe t Terntori e and ~parked de~tre for Indr gcnou egottatton leading to Ala ka · clf-dc tcrmtn att on. tate hood tn 1959 (I Iaycox. 2002a). th e ~tgnm g of the Ala\Aa /Vat!W! C/anns Sett!eJnent Act tn 1971 (Berger_ 1985), the foundmg of the orth . lope 11 In therr book PfHI-Colrmta! Stm!Je.\ The Aer Concept\. Bill A"'hcroft. Gareth (Jnffith"'. and J Jelen f'iflin dc..,cnbe po..,tcolonmll\m (or po~t-colon ra ll ... m) as a frcld grounded " m european co lonr~tlr"l hr..,tollC"' and m..,trtut10nal practrces. and the rcspon~cc.., (re<, r\lant or othen\. r~c) to the. c practrce.., on the part of t~l l co lonli'cd people\" (2007 I 71) In relatiOn to the CanaciJan und Amen can north, lndrgenouc... gr oup~ ..,uch a.., the liiuptal. the lnu vralurt, and the Gw rch' in ha ve a length y hr -.tory orcolonrLatron through Hlfi OU\ \\.C"'tcrn lll "'I II UtiOn"' such a\ the Ca nadran government, the Amencan go' ernmcnt, the Bntrsh governme nt, the Cat holi c Churc h. the Russs ran Orthodox Church, and the Anglican Church ---------------------------------------------------- -- ----~-- 16 Borough in 1972 (Knapp · 1orehou~c. 1991 ). the ~tgntng of the fl11n 1aliut Fnl(d 1.~1 ee111ent tn 1984 (/\lunrk et al.. 2001). and a de\ olution agrcen1ent1n the 1 orth\\ e~t Tc1rtlorre~ 111 20 ll (G \ T Pres, Relea c, June 5, 20 11) hi ghli ght the clo e ltnkage~ bet\\Cen rcg1onal autonon1y and resource extraction 111 the Bcaufot t , ca rcg ton. T h1. ., the..., 1~ a tt ern pt..., to connect I I a rc1 ' ' "y · s ( 2000 . 20 10) and Ba rl he..., · ( I cussi ng the language JOu rnalt' t' U\ed to differentiate ·north ' fron1 ·\ottt h.· and anot her n1cnttor11ng ~on1c ou tlyi ng, or \atclltte th en1 e (K 1rb) & \1 cKcnna. 19x9). Final!). Chapter ~ 1'\ p1 ese nt ' th e mo\ t and lea \ t- CO I11111011 \Oll l CC\ tha t lle\\ \j)c.l pCI'- ll"cd to dJ\lll\\ Ie\Oll tee de\ clop111CI1(. \VIllch ltnks th e re\ea rch bac k to II a ra\\ a1 ( 2000. 20 I 0) ,uHI B,lt lhc' ( I 9XX) d nd ern ph a'-> t iC"' the nle\ II kc knO\\ ledge and j)O\\ cr The chapter con neL h 11C\\ -..pdpel '· ou rce' to the five sign di e t ~ lor rc\ourcc th~\ c Iop n1en t and co ne lude-.. that northern nc\\ -..papers tend to irnpl y that rc\Olll ce de\ cloptnent 111U l ga tn the con cnt or ltK~.ll polltiCldJ1\. IndtgcnOU\ lcadcl\, and I CSident~. \\hcrea~ nattonal ne\\ paper tend to 1111ply that the federal go\e rnn1ent and 1ndu\lry have the rno5t power to appro\ c or de lay proJect\. S utn1nary 1 began th i Introducti on by ou tltntng th e purpo e of there care h. \Vh Jch con1parc~ how nattonal and local, a \veil a Ca nad tan and Arnen ean ne\\' paper<;,. portray re-..ource developrncnt 1n the Beaufort ca region. e'\t, I dJ ~cu sed the in1portance of the research, wh ich fi lL a re ea rch gap becau e a sin1ilar stud y ha not ye t been conducted, and also in vites readers to think critically about what th ey read in the new . The new , ltke any tc'\t. i 18 full of undcrlyiJl g a~ un1pt1 on and c\. per1 ence" I th en h11 cOy rc\ Je\\ cd cu ltural \lud iC\ and ho\v 1t fran1 e\ th1~ 1e carch. a \\ell a" Introduced \l t1" ka and the t hc1r h 1\ lon e~ of re ou1 ce de\ elopmcnt 111 the Beau fo rt ncV\ spape1s tend to u ~c fi vc 1g n Ilicr\, 1n \ell I ou. o rth \\C"t r e111lorJ c" and ca 1cg ro n My nultn lind 1ngs arc that p1 oport1on , to portt ay rc\our cc dcveloptncnttn the Beau fort ca rcgton : 'Thtl\tng.' ' Oh"olcte.' ' Pr otec t Dc\clop,' ' I nea l .. Ign1ficancc.' and 'The La"t Fronttcr · In gcncrttl. the n1o~t "tnk rng dtflcrcncc ~~that national ll C\\ ~ p ape r portr ,l) the federal go\ CltHncnt and 1ndu\tt} a\ the kc; pia} ct ~. \\ hcrcas loca l llC\\ ~pa p er" portra) local con1n1lllltliC\. hK~.lllcdtlct" nt lnd1 gcnou~ leaders as the ke'r pla} C J ~ 19 Chaplet One Theoreti cal franlC\\ 01 k 'ultural ~ tudt e~ cn1crgcd a" a tccognt/ahl c ~c ho o l nfthou ght 111 Btttalll dunng the 1950~ . w1th the 1ncorpotation of Mat'\t ~ t thought 1nto the 1caln1 of culture (Durin g, 200 7) !though culttual studtc tend to ICJCC t ~ otn c 1ar\t ~ t n o t1on ~. ltkc 1t ~ .. otthodo'\ y, th doctnnal charctctcr. ttc;, d c t c rn11111 ~ nl . 1h rcdu cttont \ 111. tl\ tn1n1utabl e Ia\\ ofhi ~ t tu at t I fall , an influcnttal cultural \ ludic th co n '-l t, c\pl a1n " h ()\\ " th ete ~ ~ tt h\ay ~o1n c thrn g dccc nt eJcd about th e 1nedtun1 of culture. aboutl anguaue. te\t ua lity and \ tgndi ca tion. vvhi ch always c~ca p c'-1 and e\ ade th e attcn1pt to l1nl-. tt. dn ec tl y and in1n1edia tcly. \vi th oth ct ~ tru <..t ures" (2007· 41 ) on1e quc~t1 on cultural "tud1c" theo n t ~ d\k dre Jlo\v do thmk ing pt occ~~e~ n1a ntfc~ t the 1n~c h e tn culture'} \\ ho h a~ th e po\\ er to ~ h a pc thought'> 1lo\\ d oc~ <.. ulture &hape co n1nlun1 cat1 on, and\ 1cc-ver~a? \\/h at arc th e relatt on5hip betwee n lan guage and culture? These que lions enabl ed the fi eld to branch out tnto n1 any dt ffcrcnt cl1rectt o n ~. in tcr cc tm g \Nt th tructura I cn1 ioti c . p yc hoa na l y~ t . ubculturc, mcd ta rccc pt1 on, 1deo logy. pop culture, ~cxuahty tudic . po tco l ontall ~nl . tcchu ology. globali7at1 on. and \C Jence. an1ong other. (During, 2007). An undcrl ymg a umption of cultural ~tudi e i that kn O\\- lcdge ts a forn1 ofpov\ cr (Barthes, J 972, I 988 ~ Baudri llard, 1994; Fouca u It, 201 0 ~ T1 all, 2007 ~ Jlara\\ ay, 2000, 201 0 ). As a purveyor of knowledge, the media can co ntribute to building or reinforcin g powe r 20 rclat1on ·h1p Cultural studtc~ fit n1 cely \\ 1th a co1npar ali\ c app1oach hccauc;;c although th e n1 cat11ng~ underlying language arc nc\ cr fi'\ ccL re~ca rc h c r ca n n o nc th c l c'*~ cotnpar c hO\\ these rnca nrng~ relate to eac h oth er and hO\\ 1elat1 on htp ~ change O \ er tunc. It hough cu ltura I tud1 c~ offers n1a 111 d 11 ect t on ~. th 1~ 1c~c at c h Ioc u ~ c'* on th e \\ ot k o f thco r1 t~ hk c Roland B a rth c~ and Donn a I lara\\ ay. \\ ho \ aluc m ~ t ab tlrt). ctnh1 ace con1p lcx Jt y, ~ tud y kn owledge Inter. cc t1 o n ~. and t ecogn11e p o~ cr dy n a m1 c~ Cultural Studie': Key oncept' In c n t1c'-' l thco f\. . II a lCl\va .v an cl BcJ t thc ~ c.ll c k no'' n ro r th eir ' vo 1k o n Ill te t tc \ t ua l1 ty. rnult1pl c tru th ~ . and ~c nl J Otl c~ that crnp hc.l'* I/ C the signi fi er O\ er the ~ 1 g n i fi cd . 1 r\L ro~~ d1 cr pl i nc~. th e1r \\ Otk ,.. , u~cd cl lf fc lent l)' dependmg on th e te'\t 13 Tht~ r c~ed r c h tni ght ~tr c tch the co nfin e o f an acceptab le LL c or 1lattt\\av or B art h e~ · th c o n e~ bccau <:, c tna ny would 'u guc th at appl yrng thctr th eon c<., de~ troy ~ the' cry purpo~c oJ rc~car ch 1 Elf II Cdc FL1r~ 1 c h (2002). ho\vcver. ~cc s n1orc u c for cu ltura l ~ tud1c . cntt CJ/In g the dt ~c t p l1 n e for rarely ventur mg out ~ 1d c o [ ab tract1 on bu t al<:,o en t1 c 111ng JOurna It ~ n1 for ra rc ly c.ons1dc n ng theory In rc pon e to Fttr te h (2002). th1 rc~ca rc h appl1e cultural <:, tud t e~ to an tn tcrd1 c1pll na ry ~ t ud y I, - cc page 2 1 ~ Donna I lara\\ ay 1 ab o knO\\ n fo r her tnn ue nce on lcm tni \ITI Vv tthtn cultural 'itudtc(), she can be con\ J<.k rcd a pos ts tru ct u rali ~t. a pos tmo d crn t ~ l. a sc t-fi theon st. a lcm m•.. , t. and or a \1 ~trx ist Dcpcnd ml! on the tc\.l. Roland Bart hc can be t.o nsJdcrcd a structuralist. a po..,t ... tructurall ... t. a cmJotJcwn . and or a humoun \ t I hesc mult1 plc lraJCC tones for Barthc'i · and ll arav.ay· thcon11ng undcnn mc attempt:-. to rig1dl y po..,JtJ on th t. ! m \\ llhm c.t \ tn gle school of thought. thus c mph a~ • zmg one of the maJor tenet" of thc1r v. ork: thc1r cnttq ue of taxo nomtcs and categon?at 1ons I-t Many scholars dt Ill IS Hara\\ ay (2000. 100-l . 1 01 0) and Barthe\ ( 19XX) fo r bc mg rad Jcd l. nihJI JslJc and relatt visllc (Lmklater. 1996, Sarup. 1993. Vasquez. 1995) I or C\.amplc ... , f C\ Cl) th mg "' a soc Jill construe l iO n and nothtng J<; permanentl y true. hov. can poslmodeml\m · s \ tC\\ of the \\O rld and htslory as a set of construct tons be anythmg but a soc 1al constructi on'>" ( Lmkla ter. 1995 2005) f he ent1 re purpose of resea rch \.\ Ould then be useless 5 tuart Hall pro\ 1des a rebuttal to cia 1m. snm lar to Lmkla tcr·s ( 1996 ) Hall \\ 11les. Itt a sen ou.., cnlcrpnse [1t has] tcns10n bct\\ Cen a re fusal to cultural sludtes .. can' t be JUSt any old lhmg cloc..,e the fi eld, to pollee tt and . at the amc tunc. a dctc rm m ~llt o n to !)take out some pos1t10ns \\ tlh 1t dnd argue for them" (2007. 35). 21 of the n1cd1a 111 a co tnplc' ctt1ng ltkc th e tct1 c Ith ough I Iat a\\ ay and Barthe~ dtf lcr 111 tnan y \\a y~. they both c nd or~e the (oli O\\ tng ~ • '\ co nee ph that ft a n1 e th 1~ rc"eat ch "cn1 tot tc" that ctnpha~ 11c th e "tgn1 ti er O\ c1 the tgntficd, tnte1tc'dualJt)' , nntltipk knO\\ led ge~, po. tn1odcrnity, ~ub\ c r~ 1on, and hegen1on} To ~ tart, the ~ tgn . "tgndi c1 and <;, tgntlicd c.lle th e un1h of anal)'" ' 111 "en110tJ e~. w hich ts the tudy of ~ t g n " (Bart he . 1972. de au~~u rc. /0 I 0) In Barthe"' e"~ay~. •'1 he Deat h of the uthor" and " r10t11 \\'ork to '1e'\l," publl \ hcc.J 111 hi \ Cl11tl1al hook fnla {!;£'. \flt \IC . { e,l ( 19R8). the ce rtaint; of a \ 1gn1 fi cr. ,1 \\ 11tten 01al wo rd. to represent a sign1 lied a co ncept. 1 ~ ca lled 1nto quc\l ton \\ hcrcd" 1t \\,\\pre\ iously utH.kt\tood thc.1t a linitc nurnbc1 of s igntfic t ~ can reprc"'cn t a "'gnifi cd. thc . . c l\\ O c""")" ,trguc that C\CI) "-lgnlf tcd could hcour..,c rcfet.., to language.: that Joe'-. "not occur m tsolat10n but tn dtaloguc" (2005 I 0) I o elaborate. bccJu..,e dt..,lour...c.:.., oclur m mtcract10n. "d t..,c.our"c" struc ture both our 5cnsc of rca ltty and ou r n ott o n~ of ou r 0\\1 11 td c.: nttt)" (2005 IJ) /2 evoke" Baudnl lard (al o a Ftcnch Intellectual) and h1" e" ay .. The Prece~ ton of SllllUiacra." '' hct e · nc\\ , toea no longer C\.t ~ t 1n a po"ttnodcrn '' orld. but on lv "In1ula t ton" of 1det\ (\ ( 1994) Conncctmg Cclc"tlnc. " quote to Bautl! tllanl th en further I C111111d 111C or l tnhe t to 1 I·co'" Trav(/"i 111 lhperrcality ( 19t \),\\ here 1 co poke" fun at ,\n1 et1 ca '" plctho ta o f \\ax n1u ~c un1" " the 'con1pl ctcly teal' bccorne~ Idcnttli cd \\ tth th e ·cotnpl ctcly fak e"' ( 19X\ 7). fht " procc"~ of tc\.t" connect1ng to oth er te\.t". o on and ~o l01th. '' hcth cr expl tc ttl y 01 through a readct' 0\\11 pctcc pt1 on . '" llltertc\. tuality. Ju ~ t a th ere ,He llltlll\" \\,1\ ~ to utH.Icr~t,tnd ,1 text (B,uth cs. 19XX). there arc 111an y \vav" ~ to und er tdnd th e \VOrld Both Barthc ( 19l l) c1nd ll ara,,ay (2000 20 10) rccogni /C that th etc C\.1 ~ t tnu It 1p lc kn O\\ ledge~ 1athe r than t1 ~11ude. un i\ crsa I kno,vlcdgc. If ncwspa pe t ~ po1t1,1y re ource dc\clopn1cn t in the Bcttu lott . Cd region dtf k JctHiy. thi ~ '" l1kcly due to nc''"J'Wpct" 1 an 1111portant \VU) to \\Ca\e together tnult1pl c kno\\ ledge". and tht " tc"ca tch honov,.rs fro1n nun1erotL dt ctpline\ Polt ttca l ctcncc. Cnttc,ll J heor:. ~orth c rn Stud tc". Co n1n1u nt Lat1o n" tud1 e , and lntcrnatt onal tudtc I lara\\ J) \Vntc\ ... \\ e need to he doing both verti ca l dee p "tudt c" and lateraL cro -connectmg one~ .. (I lara\\ d). 2000 46) By accepting that n1ult1ple knO\\ ledge" ext"t, n1canmgs arc 1nfintte. and that text~ can refer to eac h other 1ndefi n1 tely, va Iuc lt kc fixed tdent1 ti cs, un 1ve r~a l truth s. and I mea n ty arc called into que tion . Cultural tudi e th eo n t call th1 era po tn1oderntty. I Iaraway refer" to po tJn odcrnity rnore explicitly than Barthes through her n1ctaphor of the hun1 an a a cyborg (20 10). Po tmodcrntty n1ark the era following modern tty, v. here there 1 both a rejec tion of the idea of progrc c:; and a rejecti on that hi tory operate~ a a grand narrati\ c (Lyotard, 20 I 0). Progres rni ght not lead to hun1an ernancipatJ on after all. In tcm1~ of ho\v po tn1odcrn1ty 23 1n n uence~ tlll, rc~ea r ch, ne\\ , art1 c lc a 1e not trea ted a. part of a grand nar rat 1\ c, but 111 ~ tead a, n1ult1pl e n arrati ve~ add1e ~ m g th e (line top1 c. ne1ther of,,ht ch cla 11n ~ tn g ul r11ly ' tru e' repre entatt on e\\ art1cle pa ~ 1ndu cctl\ fron1 JOUnlall t to rc<.ldct I a't c r~ upon lcl)'C t o f 1deo log1c, tc'-.t , and ll\cd e'-.pcncncc"' arc \\0\Cil tnge th ct (B Fouc.attlt e\.platn"i hO\\ man y lll"ilttutt On"i tefram cd "ie \ mlo a "form of analys t..... ..,toc.ktakm g. clas"itfiealton. and ~pec t fi cat10n ·· (20 I 0. I "06) Se\ '"a" nov. organ11ed. anal yzed. and \C.ntttnt tL'O m order to be~t benefit the ~ t a te, v.htch tile\ ttably led to normah11ng certam "ie xu a lttt c~ and ab normalt t tng \C'\ualttt e\ thut dad not comply '" ath hcteronormatt\ tl)' Not surpn.. , mgl}. dt ag no"c" fo r ' de\ aant · \c \ualitte"i grc\\ e\poncnttally. In 1ts attempt to cn"iure a grO\\ ang, wealth y economy. the tate took co ntrol ol "iex ual kno'" ledge. therefore gaintng the pov. er to cla"istfy "ie \ualtt} as etlhcr ' normal' or ' abnormal. · L nc\pec. tcJi y. though. 111 rls attempt to control know ledge, the ~ tate also created a space 1or th own sub\ cr\ ton through mat ganaltttng a large c.ommunaty of se\ual ' abnormaltty · IK A.., a tnp Ic maJor an L.oology, phtlosophy, and lttcra tu re. Donna I lara" ay conJucted her doctotal re"ie,trch on c hange~ Ill baologtc.al paradagms he notaced hO\\ dtfferent paradagms u...,ed Jlf lcrent metaphor" to conceptual11c the huma n body (2004) 17 /6 influence~ rn cd ta reporting, o do n1any othet a~pcct of a octet)'. rncludtng JOUr nalr~t~ lhetn~e he ' \\ ho ult una tcly l11Cd Jate the "tot IC" the) tc II (Bo) ko fL 2007 4 7X) rlftrcdc f Lir~ich aLo pcrc e t\ e~ JOUrnalt~ t~ a" mecJtator.. bel\\ eCn differ ent in"llllltion" of kno'' ledge (2002 · 72). nttclltng cultlll al ~ tudte" for rarely \ entut 1ng ou t"tdc of ab"tract ton but aL o crtttctnng JOLllnalr "m for O\cll ooktng th eory (2002 61), Ftu ~ t c h applt ec; cultural ~ tudte" and\ t<., ual anthropology to JOUtndlt "nl 111 order to pr o\ rd e "trdtcg re" lor JOurnalt~t~ to hettcr account for cultural hyhridity (2002 () '), 2002 71 ) Like Boyk.of'l . ~ h e agt ee ~ that k.nO\\ ledge'" \ JtUationaJ. \\ hr ch Crea te\ a Un ique positio n r for JOUI nall\tll to hold] in the creatron ol reprc<.,cntdti on "(200:> 6() ). lfknO\\I edgc \an e\, how can Journalr "t ~ tell ~ ton e ~ that \alrdate rnultrpl e pc l\pcc lt \e~·> Jn, tettd of rcduc lllg th e rnedta to an enttty wtth th e goal of "getttng hoth ~td c "( J~ ul\t c h . 2002 ')9). h] hrrd ity all o\\ \ J Ourn a lt " l ~ to he a" open as po,,rblc. ackno\\ ledge thctr brJ\C dnd all ow for '\1 tdngc of d cLod in g~ " (Flii\JLh. 2002 73 ) pcc tfica ll) \ tudy.lllg cdttoria l drt JL ic' 111 p11nt n1 cdi a. can Phelan arri \e\ <.t t .. itnilar conclU',l011\ to thO\C orB o] koff (2007) and FUJ \ ICh (2002). th at the llledi a "leg rtlllll/[ c] • partrcu lar undcrstandmg " (2009: 233 ). fh 1" 1~ c~pec 1a ll y appropn a tc to cd rtona I"· becau \e they ht ghli ght power and auth onty and ~crvc a\ " barorn etcr of th e thmktn g of th e rn o~ t powerful \Oices vvithin the new paper and corporate h1 erarchy" (Phelan. 2009 214). fn a new paper, th erefore. editorial article 19 ha\ c the n1o t pO\\ cr to innucnce thc1r rca<..l er" beeau e of their percetved experti c. l3y rdc rnng to "cd1torial art1 cles," I include "tafJ op1n1 on p1ccc" and guest com ment~ but not l d tcr.. , to the e ditOr (~CC page 62 ror more di SCU S I0 11 0 11 thJ c;; topi C) JCJ 27 Many tnorc ~ cholar. addr c ~ the tdca n1 cnttoncd abo\ c. n1 o~ t notahlr that the mcdta rcncct onl y certain. often btnary. "l knO\\ led ge~ ( I lardtng. 2006. \\ orthington. ?0 I 0, I o ll ct. 0 20 10). that th e rn cdta tnllucn cc th e ruhlt c on topt c~ to thmk about (Dante!~. 200<1 : I lard1n g, 2006), and that the n1 edta tend to focu~ nne\ cnt -dt t\ cn ~ t o n e (Dan t e l ~. ? 006. Pew R c~ea rc h Centre. 20 13. \\'orthlll gton. 20 10) 1o clartf y. thou gh. " rath er tlwn l'unct tot11ng a<:; a rnonoltthrc hloc \\ rth mgul ar ain1"' tlncl "' tt<.ttcg... tc..., .. (f \,l n ~. 2002 1 11 ). the rn edta ·~ r ole~ ._ in haping \OC tet) n1tght not be \O dt\CCJiltblc. Thctc '"' no ~tng l c. trai ght line hon1 a nc\\~ arttclc to a 1eadc r. f ach ne\\ mttclc CJI "'"'LIO"-"C"' lnulttplc layers ol \OLJdl. culttll cd. polttt ca l. en\ II Onnl cntal and cconon11C di\COllt\e"'. as \Vei l d"' an tn dtvidual's lived cxpcncncc\ Bar the\ ( 19( ) u~e\ the 110ti OI1 or tl 1C\t' to refer to a pt cce or dl\COUI~C ~ Ill lllOltOJl ' r e\t\ ha\C llllllttplc 111Cdl1111gS llJllljliC to dJilcrcnt rc,lder~ hO\\ readers intcq1rct tC\t"' I I\ t. . Jt!._ nlfi ca nt \\ hJ! e the rdcnti tv or the ,luthot 1\ lc~'-1 ~0 \\'hat rcadCI\ do wi th the ~ in ra nnat ron the) rcccl\ c thu con tr rbu tct... to the rr k nO\\ ledge \\ Jth this c1n phctsis on rcadcr~ tn n1tnd. I hou ld note that tdcall). r \\Ould "'tud; ho\\ reader read the llC\\~ and \\'hat readers fcc I arc the n1a1n 1n1Ilan t1 c~ d nd d 1flcrcncc~ bet\\ cen nev\ ~pape r ~ ( th 1~ 1t. . addrc\~cd further tn Chapter Three). Gl\cn the tunc con~ trmnt~ of a Ma5tcr' the~~~- tt wa~ not po sible to ~ tud y reader oth er than n1 y~cl r. Fi.ir. ich explain ho\v "all co n tnlctJ on<, [of rca !tty] arc yn chron ou~ product t on~ of kno'A ledge grounded 1n their re pec tn e pol1tt caL cconon1tc, and oc1al condttt ont..." (2002 72) Journalt t act not only a med tator between \anou in tituti on of knO\\ ledge, but 20 A n cxamr Ic o f' t1e I me d1a r ortraymg 1ssucs u" 111g b mane~ .I'> Fo llet ' s (20 I0) re~earch on ho\.\ th~ mctila portray the Sacred llcadwatcrs 111 northern Bnt1 '1h Co lumb1a he argues that the tnl:dta dcp1ct th~ l .th Itan I lr'll NatiOn and mdu~try a.., workmg 111 oppos1t10n, 111 conll1ct. as though the l<.;~uc has a c. lcan . \lrnplc d1\ 1\IOn . 28 also a~ teadcr ofte'\t 21 (Batthe~ . 19HX) \ s re adet~ . Journalt h ~ ha t e \\hat th ey "tcad ' \\llh the res t of"'oetety. !though I an1 the onl y ' readet' o fth e n e '' ~ att1 c l e~ 111 th1 ~ th e~ t . I al ~o inter\ te\\ no1thern IOurnaii h to learn tnote about hO\\ the\ "tcad' th e notlh '\ ~ l·ur<; H.: h e'.platn ~: " beyond ~ 1111pl y tran ~ rntltm g tnf ornHtll on, j ournali ~ t e~tablt ~h th e boundatt e~ of Ct\ 1c dtscour. e, notmalcy and con1n1 on en e" (2002· ~ <) ) Ct Jtl call v anal\. lin g th e <;1111tla1 tti e~ and ddTetcnce bet'' ee n 11C\\ " "tot1 e ctca te" a "pace to "earch for don11n ant knO\\ ledge\, 1111 ~~ tn g knO\\ ledge'-.. ne\\ kn O\\ ledge'-., and lHn\ th e L k 11 0\\ l eJ ge~ 111 fonn culture Th1 " th e~ t al o dcn1on t1 <.1 tc<; th at fut ure te edt ch look tng at ho'" ' nntth etn ' and 'outh ern ' r ea d e r~ pctcel\c the ne'"" in · natio nal' and ~ l oca l ' news papers \Vou ld be a va luable contn buti on to north e1n t e~e,H c h . Apply i11K Cultural tudie\ to th e lledia in th e 1relic on1c cultural '-.tud 1c theo11 "h hd\ e conduc ted 1e"ca t ch "pee die al ly in the \ rct1 c regton, but generally, a rc~ea rc h ga p e'\ lq<; 111 th1 ~ fi eld. f 111 p ha~ 1 / 111 g th e ~ 1 gn1fi e r O\et the ignifi ed 22 can relate e pcc tall y \\e lltn the ctrcu tnpolar north becau<;e va ri ou ~ ac to r~ under tand ~ 1tu a tt o n ~ differently, not onl )' 111 te nn o r \\ here the north 1~. but who the north 1 • and to\\ hon1 1t b e l o n g~. Th1 resea rch constdcr5 vvhcth cr a cultural <;tudte<; approac h can help htne lt ght on inter ccting cp1stcnlolog1e 111 the Beaufort ca reg1on Thco rctt call y. alrno t all th e cxi ting rc carch take a po tcolontal approach, one that exa n1 1 n c~ the tnarginallzation o f Indigenou way of kn o\v in g in a co lonJ al context through Othcnn g. 23 :! I Refernng to JOurn a ll ~t~ as · reade r~· of texl"i demon ~. o tratc\ thttt JOU rnall . . h thc m<\ch e~ mterpn.:t C\ enh or 1\\Ue~..o and then comm un1 cate the1r tnterpretatJO n"i by wntmg ncv. c:; article..., ..,.., -- ~ec page 2 1 "''l Othenng refer to th1nkmg abou t d1 ffe rence 111 a IHerarcl11ca l fa~ h 10n , \\ hereb} ·u...,· rder-.. to 'bcllcr' ,md ' them' or 'other' refer to the margmaliLed culture Othenng l "i a key area of...,tud} m po...,tcolon1a l \ lUdiC\ (\ce Sa1d, 20 I0. Sp1 vak . 20 I 0) . 29 ll1t C I C~ttng J y. rc~carchcr~ U C \arJOll~ t y pe~ or i11 CU ia to ht ghll ght e1 th er 11lat gtn,tlt7alion O J en1po'' enn cnt I 11 the fi eld of broadca lt ng, l orna Rot h e'\ pIa 111 ho\\ A ho t1 g111a I b 1 oa dca~ t c t ~ .. ha\C u cd broadca ltng c1 ~ ct n cnlan ctpalO t) tool" (2005 9) ~ 1t c l wcl l · ,an~ looks spccdically at Canadia n lnutl btoadc;:\',tll1 g o l ga nt/dlton <-~ and h t g hlt g ht ~ d df c 1 c n ce~ betv\'cen th e more co lonia L tta\\a - ha ~cd Inu it Btodcl cd~ ltn g Corporat1on and the n1o1c enlpO\\C rtng, c ulturally -~e n Itl\ C, Igloo ld, btt~cd I ~U I11d (2002). r \dll drguc~. " th e ~ lettd y hut err0 11 e0 ll ~ p0 I tI a) tll ~ 0 f thL: In uit i 11 l hc ~ 0 ll thc I 11 I11 cd ia . . ti t lhc nc cds a 11 d pc l l c p lt () n"i 0 r the outhc rn portta )C I ~ The c dcprctton~ oftc n Lcntcr on '' hat t cxot JL.. (2002 'I') 2 1()) T hI' ~ c n ~ c () rc '\ () t I c I \Ill c 0 n t n but c \ t0 ( ) l hc I 11 H!.. '-' an c) ~~ ac ho \\ 1ch dnd \\'Ill ()\\ , LObi c ('">() I 0) ~ tud ) hO\\ th e tnlct net bu lids cu lt u ra I tdenttty rhey u~c YouTubc a.;; a 111edia pl,ltform to C'\c.llninc Jn utlld en tity in anada. ob~cn tng th at '\\ htl c the Internet ha been cckhrc.t tcd for lh global rCc.llh, tnany or the social rel a tt on ~ htp~ and dwlogucs cctntngly lo\lctcd by tht~ lcLhnology arc intinlcJtc and loca lisccl" (20 10: 1) YouTubc ha ll1any ) oung. ·anadlan In uit ll\Cf~ \Vho rcgularl: ro"it video" of thcn1~c h c. and thetr dally It\ e for oth er rnui t to \\ dtc. h, thereby bndgmg the len ge dt~tanLc" • bct\.\'een con1n1un tt1e 111 the north. Through \ tC\\ tng the c hort v1deo , Wachowtch and cob tc a. sc rt that .. torytcll1ng i cntcia l to procc~~e') of re-e rnpo\\tcnncnt" (20 IO· 99). and th at .. th e Intcrnet ha become one of the tool that \\til en ure th e Uf\ 1\ a I or Inut t young 1 people 1n th e 2 1' century·· (20 I 0: 99). Finally, Brian Higgin and Va lcn e Alta ( 1999) exatntne nevv paper rc prc~cntation~ o f northern Indt gcnou corn n1unities u ing quantttattve content analy is and a con1 pa n ~on of loca l and nat ional newspapers. Pcrh ap as expected, local new paper li ke ,Vunal,\laq ,Ve1u and y cllowkni re 's Press Independent include ll1UCh lllOre Abo ri ginal content, \\ htle The 30 Glohe and 'fa !I 1at ely n1cnt1on~ contc'\t (l ltggm , borig inal cu lturc and ll l.J p1cally doc~ ~o 111 a ncga tl\ c Ita. 1999) They conclude thdt " p11nt rncdw arc c~~cntiall} a crca tton of ~o uth c rn culture" ( lltggtn. r Ita. 1999: 14X) that ICinforcc co l o nwl1 ~ n1 Pattt ck 1 con1 n1un tty ror an • I nd tgcnou. audt cncc, then tt ca n rc~1 ~ t \\ c~ tcrn1/a t1on nn d promote I nd r gcnou~o, way~o, of kno\vtng. 0\ crall, the cultural tudi c rc carch on the n1cd1a in the Canad tan and An1cncan north tends to cn1ploy a po tcolonial theo reti cal rranle\\ ork. Roth (2005 ), I: \ an ~o, (2002 ). Wachov.- tch and cob tc (20 10), and Daley and J a n1c~ (2004) a crt that Ind1 gen ou~o, con1n1unJt1 c. find way to u e the n1edia a a rn ean ~o, ofc n1powem1cnt, if th e co nte nt~ ~ a1 n1cd at local, lndi gcnou audience . If not, th e n1 edia tend to reinforce \ve tern ways of kn O\\ mg 4 , Sec Chapter I \-\10 for a d1scussron abou t the rrnplrcatron"> of the AhHka l\'atl\'e Clalln\ .)efllement let 31 or C\ en t em for cc co Ion wl1 ~ n1 (I lt gg n1 ~ c • \ lttt. I 999) \ ~uc h . anothct oh1cc t1' c o f 111 'r rc"ea t ch 1" to co n fi rn1 or cont c~ t th e~e fi nu m g~ S 11111111 a,.,, • \Vhc rca~ "on1e cultura I tu d t c~ rc~ca rc h C\a 1111 ned the rncd ia th 1ough a po~ tco lonwl l en ~ Ill the ,\rctrc (Dale) t Jan1e. 2004. r \dll \, '!00 1 . 11tgg m c• ltd . 1999, Roth , 7 00~ . \Vac htn\tch · coh rc. 20 10). none ha' dpplu.:d Bdrthe' ( 19RX) and Il tttd\vay (2 000 7010) to tht ~ toptc Both BcJrthe' ( 19 <) dnd llara\\c:t )' (2000 ~010) recognize thdt kno\\:kdge c t ea t c~ po\\ et dyndmt c\. that nutlttplc k.nO\\ ledge' tntet,H.t and tnt ct,ec t. that 111ea nin g' cJn.~ not fix ed, and that te\h tc fer to other tc\t\ ad 111fin itt11n I he n1edia cln not pa'~ lmea tl y ft otn IOll tn a lt ~ t to aud tcnct::. bu t rath er. the n1cdw pa'" through multtplc lcJyCr' of ex pet tenLe and tntcrprctatton In 111\ rc,ca reh. I look for Le rt,lin ,l ~\umptton~ \Vithi n the ne\VS stories and c\a n1tne hO\\ th c'c contn butc to bu tldtng dorni nant narratt\ e' The ncx t chapter sho\VS ho\v tht s rc,ea rch applte' a cu ltural tudtc\ conceptual fn.1n1e\vork to rc our cede\ eloprncnt By cn1ploy tng ana I} t teal tool that arc not o rten U\eu in th " con text J atten1 pt to \\ 1den the • cope of approaches \Vith \Vhtch to ~ tudy rc~ourcc de\ elopmcnt. 37 Chapter l\ \ o I l 1 tor teal (' ontc··d In the follo\\lllg chapter, I pt O\ tdc a ~ h o rt ht~t O J )' of the Bea ufort Sea teg ton by c n1pha~ t/ln g th e n1 on1 cntou role that oi l and ga~ dt ~CO \ cn c~ played 111 ~peat head1n g a. piral1011S for reg tonal UUlOllOillY f 0 1 th e plll po~e of tht ~ I C ca re h. regtonal aulOI1 0ll1Y I c fet ~ to de' c lopn1cn t~ at th e ta tc tern tortd I and Ind t genou ~ lc\ c I~ or g(_)\ ernance \ l a~ktt a tta med ~tatehood tn 1 9~9 (llaycox. 1002a), oil \ \d \ dt\CO\Ctcd on the '\'orth lope 111 19(1X (( ,r ant, 20 10), and the 1/c"/..a \ otl\e Cla11n' ~(ff/enlCnt A< I follo\\ed" on a ft et 111 197 1 (Berge r. 19X5). In the orlh\\ C\t Te n ttone,, 1970 '~.nv the dt\CO\ er) oJ otl dnd gas in Tuk toya ktuk (G rant. 20 10), the te rt ilory held Jt\ fit~tlcgt,latne cleclJ on" 111 197) (Alta, 1999), and the lnu\ 'laluit Fuut! Jgreenu.:nt \\U ~1gned in I 9X4 ( \lunik cl al. , 2001) ()nly recen tl y, rn 7011, dtd the tcrntol) appro\c a de,olution ag1ee n1enL cnahltng it to e'\cJcr'c pro\ tncc like pO\\Cr~. '' ht ch tnclude control O\ et th nalutdl re. . ourcc~ ( ,'\ \\'T Pre~~ Release . .June), 20 13) Thr~ chap ter C'\plo rc hO\\ r~.:~out ce de\ elop rncnt in A la-:,ka and the '\orlh\\ c~t Tern ton e" tnflucnced rcgtonal auto notn y and northct n tdenttty. Cultural S tudies and R esource De•'elopn1ent 1atl Fonda hi and tcphanic Irl bacher-rox under tand go\ emancc .. a~ the cxc rct~e of lcg tt1n1a te authon ty \VI thin a group to n1ake dec 1<)tOn rcgard ing the alloca t1 on o f rc~ourcc" and the coordm ation and managen1 cnt of con1n1unal, and, to on1e extent, tndt\ tdual ac tt vtti c , (2009: 1). From popular 'Ae tern fonn of govcmn1 cnt, like the ~ta te or A l a~ka, to the eo nsc nsus- ba cd Jcgi laturc of th e orth west Tcrritori e , to the auton on1ou~ n1un tctpal ity of the North lope B orough ~ to Indi gcnou corporati on like the In uv tal uJt Regional 33 Coq1oration and th e At ctJc .. lope Reg tonal Co rpot ttlton. each of thc\c llhtttut1on" tl ct as go\ ern tng tructurc\ for con1n1un tt1 c~ In th e 11C\\ ly rc leased 1rc f /( 1/unl0/1 [)c \ e/oplll(l/1/ Rcpor/ Ir cha plcr on A I ct I C go\crnance, Gt cg Poel/er and Jary \\ ' tl ~o n (20 14 ) c\ plam that northc1n c ttt /C n ~ co n"t1uct l11ttltlpl c ld e nttti C~ fot th cn1 eh C\. a pt OCC~~ \\ h1 ch c.lCid to lhl.: C0111plc\.1l) or north ct Jl go\ crnancc For C\tllnple. li1upwt in Bctii O\\ nl,t} 1dentlf \ ll ~ li1uptdl. a" tC\Idc nh o f the or th . lope Borough. a \l a\ka n . J\ \n1 c1ican". dtH.l or tt~ n1en1bets of the Inuit Ctrcu n1pol,u Counc ll llni latl\. . (J\\ Kh'in in \kla\ ik. ~\\ f 111UV . tdcnttl\ dS ll1 C 111 bC t ~ of the J\\ tch' l11 rrlbdl Counctl. a\ J11etnber\ of the Dene '\tttional ( ounctl, c.l ~ te\ltknh o f the Bea ufort -Delta 1eg1on. a" re tde nh or th e '\otlh\\ e"t J e1ritone . a~ Canadta n ~. and 0 1 as 111 C il1bc r~o, 0 r the I ct tc 1\thaba \Kan Counc tl Poe I/C J and \\ II',())) ( 20 l -l) rurthcr ex pi a Ill how the dc~o, tre~ of the"e rnultt -le,el pollllc,llLomnHlfl lliC\ c,tn coincide. but oftcntirncs they dl\ crge '-t tgn tfi cantl; "n1ultt-le\ el go\ Cl nancc '" dt the Lentcr of Arc.t rc politica l I ire, rellectmg thc"e attachn1ent to dtffcrcnt polrtJcttl con1nHtntttc'.·· (2014 I X6) • A rc\ le'v\ed tn the pre\ iou chapter. the cu ltural tud1c re earc h that focuc..,cc, on the north tend to dra\\ frotn po tcolonia I th eory (Da ley & Jan1c , 2004, Evan", 2002, I Jtggu1 " & Alia, 1999: Roth, 2005: \Vac ho'v\ 1ch & cob te. 20 I 0). In thi, re earch, po~tcolon1alt'.n1 connect to regtonal au tonomy becau e bo th la'.ka and the 1 orth\\ c t Terntoncc, have a hi tory of colonJ/ation and de ire for elf-dete nntnatJOn. In their dcfin ttt on or gO\Crnancc, Fondahl and Irlbacher-Fox pccify further that Indi genou govern ance "i conc..,Jc,tc nt \\ rth belief: , va lues, practice and worldviews of Indi genou culture "(2009: 2). A postcolonial len is instrun1ental in studying the ex tent to which tructurc of governance dccoloni/c or 34 re-colonl/e, or th e e\. tent to \\htch they fo rge en1pO\\ ered rdentJtJC(\ for e1thcr lr Hll ge nou ~ co n1n1unrt1 e~ or la ~ kan ~ or re 1dent of the 'o rtln\ e~ t Tern ton e~ In th1 ~ th e(\ I ~. thou gh. I ~ htft ~ l1 g htl y to cxan11ne th e role that rc~ou 1 cc dc\eloprnent play 111 tern1 o f ~ tr c n g th e nm g 1den ti t1 c~ 1n th e north A Ithough I focu~ on ho\\ ne\\ (\paper<;, deptct re~o ur cc dev e Iopn1cnt, th e t. ~ u e is c l o~ c ly l1nked to regional autonon1) 111 the Bea ufo rt . ca region . The d1 ~CO\ ei) of od and ga~ 111 the reginn du1tng the late 1960" and ea rl y 1970s pI aced hoth \ Ia ~ kd and th e ~ orth'' e~ t T crrito11e" on th e n1 l1p tor . outhe n1 e1~ R e~ idenl ~ or la ~ka and th e 'o rth'' c~t Tcrnto11e~ "ll\\ that the11 1 ~olation could cha nge qu1 ckl y if b1g mdu~try ca me tnt o th e prcturc fhr ~ ~c t th e pr ecedent fo r th e ~ tate. th e ternto ry, and Jnd1 gc n o u~ group~ to en(\urc th at co ntt ol O\Cr thc11 I,HHI \vould not end up ~o lclv 111 ~ou th e rn hand~ The Inu1t CJrcun1pola r Council·~ ( J( () C 1rc tonpolar f)cclout/lnn nn Rc:,ottl ( e De' ·elopnlUll, \\ h IC h 111c lude tgna tor rc" 1eprt:"cn t ing both the In uvia J u it ttnd l he Ir1 up iat. decla red "econon11 C de\ elopn1cnt and cultural de\ clopn1ent n1u<;,t go hand in hand .. . A proper balance rnu ~t be truck. lnu 1t de~tre re~ou r cc de\ clopn1cnt at a rate ~ufJi ctc nt to prO\ Ide durabl e and d1\ cr ificd eco non11c gro\\ th, but conqrat ned enough to forc~ tall cn\'ironn1ental degradation and an O\ envh clnllng tnflu'< o f out5tdc labour'' (ICC , 20 I I) The docun1 cnt provtdc e\ en tatute for tndu try and go\ ernn1ent to con(\ tdcr, cnlph a~l/ lll g throughout that "Inuit \\'C Icome the opportunt ty to \\ ork in ful l partn er h1 p . me lud mg related poltcyn1aki ng" (ICC, 2011 ). Clearly, 111 the n1rnd of Inut L regional autonon1y and rc~o urce devclopn1cn t arc intricately related. 35 Statehood I I ayco x , "' trcu g ht Ia 1\\ a rd i n h1"' a"' 'c r t 1o n t ha t .. o i I ha <., tra n Jo n11 cd 9). The ntted .. tate purcha cd Id "' ka" (2007a la<.,ka frotn Ru c;.,~~~a 111 l 67 for 7 tntllr on (Cirant. 20 I 0) At the t1n1c. rno~ t o f the rcgton '. populati on COll \ 1\ ted of lndt gc nouc;., group<.,, or la <., ka Na tr \e\, a\ th ey arc ca lled toda; LT nanga n ( \Jcul) , Tlingit ,1nd J latda . . ugpt aq ( '\lutJJq). Yuptk , Inuptaq, and \thaba kane;., ( ch\\ ctt/e r et al.. 20 I ) \ ft er \rnert cd pu1 c. ha c;.,ed \Ja ,ka, IlayCO\ (2002d) \\rtte'-1 that non-'..:dtt\e\ "ettlcd in the \l ing in Alac;.,ka vvac;., a c;., trong tate econorny, one that \Va lc financtally dependent on th e federal go\ en1n1cn t Accordmg to Daley and Jan1e (2004), Ala kan poiJtJcal and econon11 c leader at tht t11ne en\ t<,toned l\\'O rn aJor rec,ourcc deve 1opmcnt proJec t , ProJect l1anot and the Ran1 part Dan1.-~,l to pro\ tdc '\ - A":-J "'-C II a~o, C\Ccuti \C and leg1 lat1ve branchc\, Ala~kan\ \\anted a "unified court t;y\tem. multlle\cl locdl go\ernmcnt op t1 on ~o, for rural. underpopu lated area~o,, and an elected atlorney general" (l layco\. 2002b 270) 26 ProJect Chan ot, 1n co lla boration w1th the Atom1c f· ne rgy Comm 1~s1on. mmed to "create a harbo1 on the north west coast of A Iaska by exploding SI X atom1c bombs [ fo rcmg] the relocatiOn of ~o,omc li1up1at \ 1llagcr'" (Daley & James, 2004 H3). The Rampart Dam \\as "a plan to c1cate the world's largeq hydroelectnc faci l1 ty .... [a lake) larger th un l ake En e . [cau~mg] the rdoca t10n ofsc\en atl\e \ JIIage') · (Dnle} & James. 2004 . 36 the ~tate \\ tth greater cconornrc autonon1y It 0111 \Va ~h1n gt o n Ala~ka atn e \\ere un1n1pre~~ed \\tth th e~e propo al "~ a nd the ef fect~ the} \\Ottld ha\c on then ln e lthood ~ Jatne. , 2004) Thu , th ey began thetr fi ght for thetr land and th etr r 1 g ht ~ (Daley Rega rd lc~s of prole t fron1 A Ia .. ka Ran1part Darn helped . ol td1 fy ali\ e~ . the 11npr c~' ' \ e ound of Pr 01ce t Challot and th e Ia ka ·, goal for ~tc1t ch ood (Daley · Jar11e\, 2004) and on January 1, 19')9, J\l a ka offic1all) becan1c 1t~ 0\\11 qatc (ll a} ccx. 2002a) . tat ehood tnark ed th e era \\h ere another lc\ cl of regional autononn . that of the ..... take hold la \ kd ~tlli\C~ . rcttlh- ~ tar ted to cn~ 11H~ many Ala ka ~dll\ c~ · l,tLk o l upport for th e Rttrnpa1t Dttrn and P1 o1ect Chan ot. a~ \\ c II a ~;, the added co1npl c'\ 1t; that th e 1eg 1on hc1d no tr cc1 t1c~ \ Vi th Ia ~k a Natt\C "", the A~~octatton on An1er1can lndt ttn \ll~ut~. cl nat1on al Anlcrt can Jnd1 gc nou t.; ad\ocacy group, ~ron ored a confct cncc 111 B , tltO\V in 1961 to di \c u ~~ Alaska atl\ e n ght\ (Daley 'Jan1c, 2004) Tht co nf ctence p!o\ ed ~e n1inal \la~;, ka 'Jati ve~ tc,tll/ed th ey needed a llll tlied \ Ot ce The Tundr a T/Jil ( \' cl ne\\ ~ nutlet hd\ed out t) r Fa II hank ~. \\a~ c tabl1\hcd 111 1962 to ""trategtcall] [al1 gn] all Ala ~ kc1 ~att\ C group \ .. (Dal ey & Jc.un e", 2004 14 ). Th e j1/a\·ka lva/1\ 'e C/ann Selllen7en/ , 1( 1 A. th e state bu 1ed it elf choo 1ng It~ I 04 nltllton acre of land all otted to 1t 111 th e Statehood Act (IIaycox. 2002a), it n1ct a nla \\I\ e roadblock tn 1965 "after Iearn1ng that an R1) A.., Daley and Jamc<.., ob~cn c. the c tv. o pro.J e<..t..., \\ere ' touted [b> Ala ~kan . . ] a... an elonom ie lrnchptn .. (2004 R4) fo r A la . . ka \ tate hood ~- - In March, 1960, \\hen the Atomrc Energ) Commrc.,.., ron \ r\ rted Pomt I lope to rnform the lriupr,tt ahou t Pn>Jec.:t Chan ut. the ConHm..,~r on told them that nuclear e-..pl o\ tOn\ hm e ne\ er InJ ured an) one ( Dalq. & J.tmc ..... 2004 ). Regardless of the C ommt s~ton 's con\tncmg, " the Potnl Hope Vtllage Council wa. . ted no t11ne m rc.Jel tmg ProJec t Charrot" (Dal ey & James, 2004· 93-94) 1 x f·our years after the Unrtcd State purchased Alask.a fr om Russ ta, the Ameri can Congre..,.., ended trcat)makt ng in I R71 (ll aycox , 2002a). As ~uch, there arc no treat res\\ rth Alaska Natt\ cs 37 ob~cure ect ton m the ~ tatehood Act dent ed the 1ight to c lain1 any land that tnt ght be ~ llbJ ec t to atn e tttl e" (Grant. 20 10 345) In othct \\Old~. until \Ia ka atnc land c latn1 ~ \\e te re<;,o h ed, the ~tate could not cla1111 any oftt~ 104 n1tllt on acre~ Tht~ 1ca ll/alion protnptcd Intenor . . ecrctary . _ tC\\ art daJl to t<;, ue a 11101atotnlln on land allollncnt, '" h tch tn any l a~kan~ pcrce l\ cd a5 a " land frcc/c" (Jia)CO\, 2002a 91) On October t R, 196(1, th e Tundra Tunc' announced th e fornldtton or the \ltt,ktl r edc ratt on of 1alt\ e~ {'\ I ). \\ tlh re olu tt on or lctnd c l ainl~ ct a~ the O J ga nt /c.ltion ·, tnain goal (Dale) c.rv. Jan1e\. 7004 ). I ht~ \i.llnc \car. a federal LOI111111llcc ,tddn.:ssing \l a~ka '\,llt\ e l,uHJ c l a tn1 ~ co nLludcd ~ J " that la <;,ka at t\ c~ "ere ~o pont 111 llldlcttdl amcn ttt c' c\\ to be dented equa l nppo t tun tty" (I Iayco \. , 2002a 95 ). pro\ 1d mg yet a not hc1 1Cd 'on to ~ctt Ic land cIa 1111 and g1vc J\ Ia ~ ka ali\ c" the poltl tctll pO\\Cr an d financ1ttl bdLking to pro\ 1de "en tcc<;, tn thctr LOI11111Uil lltc\ cgo tl at ton~ bcgdn for a ~cttlc rnen t bet'' ec n \1,1 "k(.1 '\at ivcs and the fcdera I go\ en1 men t, later knO\\ n a~ the . 1/a\ha \'atn ( Clailll\ )( 11/c IIJ f?nt A c t ( \ '\( A) <;, nppo~ition to P1 o1ect Chanot and the Ran1part Dan1 reached d pcttk atnong \ ltt~ka "att\ e<;,, n1orc and 11101 e A Iaska at t\ C~ fil ed l a\\~Ult~ ela1n1Ing land tttle to thctr tradtltonal tcrntone~. Mcarnvhdc, a\ cc rctary of the lntenor Uda ll 1111po cd a 'land fiCC/e.' (ARCO) d1 ~ covcred oi l in Prudhoe Bay, 111 Alac,ka'5 tlanttc Rtchficld Oil Co n1pan y orth lope, on Decen1bcr 27, J 967 (llaycox. 2002b). udd cnly, oil C01npan1c \\anted Ind1 gcnou land cla tnl ') <;,tgnedju~t a\ much a Ala ka att\ C o that litigation \\Ould not hold up con truct1on (Da ley & Jan1c~. 2004 ). The Prudhoe Bay oilfield wa An1cnca' large t (Knapp & Morchou~c. 199 1). houstn g an e& tin1 atcd thirteen billion barreb of oil ( herval, 20 13 ). In the rn1d t of the federal governn1 enC s negotiati on with Ala ka North atives, the tate held a lease sale for otlfi clds tn the lope. The ale brought the tate $900 n1illion in lea c revenue, " rnore th an three ttn1c .. 38 the total ~talc budget at the t1n1e" (I fd) CO\. 2002,1 : 122) \Ia ka 110\\ had the econon1ic \ wbtlrt) rt hoped for Wrth lca ~es so ld, cxploratron und er\\. a} rn th e contmutng to negotiate orth .. lope. and the la ~ kn Nat t es \\Jth th e lede1al ....go\e tnn1 enL da co n ~o rtiurn of oil co1npanrc~ Ied b; B n t1 -,h Petro lcun1 ( B P) fo 11ned to d e~ 1gn. engr neet. and oper c1te a 7XO-n1 Jl c ( 12')0 k.rn ) ptpcltnC tlCrO~ the \\hOJc r~J tale to th e \Ollthern port O f \'aide; J 10111 \ 'aide;, tanker" \\Otrld tl1ke the crude otl pnn1 <.1 11l) to reflllCJrc" in Cttlifotnta and\\ c1~hington ~tate" ( ~ hcl\ a l. 20 11 107) Con tructmg the Tr a rh- \Itt "ka P1pc I1nc ) ~ te n1 (T \ P ) acr o"" the la ~ka C atr\ c~ · unccded tern ton e\ pr o\ rded th e le\ CJttge J\.la~ka att\ C\ needed to ha ve \ Jgned I\.., , tcphcn Hayco\ mtt in ta tll \. " \\Jthout \~C <, • th cte \\OU id lnl\ e been no ptpcltnc. no otl production. no oil .. (2002cl I 00) \\h en \ '\C J\ ca n1e to a \ tand \ till in th e through ...,o thnt it finnlly. reached appro\ ,ll in 1971 (I fa] CO\. 2002a). The Organ11atton o f Petroleum fxp ortin g Countne (O PFC ) rn1po~ed ttn orl embargo on th e 1973 (Hayco~. 2002a), n1aktng ntted <;tate~ tn Ia kan otl e\e n n1 orc appea lm g. Ftnally, after fi ve yea r~ of n ego tiati on~ \\-tth the federal govcrnin cnt and rc~ i ~ta nce fron1 th e tate of A la ~ka, the , 1/a,f..a lva/1\'e Clann.\ Settlement Act \\'a tgned on Dece n1bcr 17, 197 1 (Grant. 20 I 0). A CSA tran ferred 962 n11llt on and titl e to 40 n1tlli on ac re\ of land tran ferred to Ala~ka group • a ~un1 that wa atJ vC plit bet\vcen t\vehc reg rona l corporati on 29 and 200 \ tll agc corporation s (Berger, 19 5). Regional corpo ratr on ~ had . ub urface ri ght but \ Jllage 29 A th1rteenth reg10nal corporation, based out or Sea ttl e, '"'a\ al\o mcorporated fo r A la~ka Natl\ e\ '' ho II\ e outs1de of the \ late (Bet ger, 1985) 39 corporation' did not ' 0 \II the co rporation ' cho'~ to he prolit- n1a~rng so the\ could distr rhutc fn:e;e" \\ll\ lilted . land \\d\ a)Jottcd lO the \td ll' ttnd to lhl' \l d\~t.l ~llti\L' CO ij)OldlJOil S. Jde 111 the NtH th Slope than lnupw t, the Borough would no longer rep re~en t lnupw t mtcrc">l"> 47 6.000 en1ployee. . .. ( Re t ~"· 20 12 102) Bob Ret cl~ "crt that " tn federa l 0 1 !-.late elect tons, the A .. RC w t e ld~ hea\ y poll ttcal clout'' (20 12· I02) The Prudhoe otlfield reached pea k ptoduclton bac k tn 19X9, at two tni ll ton barrel" o f otl per day. \\ ht ch " pt O\ tdfcdl th e l ' f\\ en t} :y ca r ~ latet, 111 20 l 0. pt odu ct ton .. 11 pped to 1c~~ thtt n 6 19.000 b,u rc I ~ .. (~ h e !\ a L 20 11 309). and A Ia ka n ~ nO\\ \\ on v dbout then otl depend ence. I Iov. ca n the ~ t a tc con t muc to a~~o,e rt tt-, autonorn\.. ,1nd frontt er tdenttl\. with l~lll i tH!... re\ enue'! E'e n wi th th e Pennancnt fund boa"'t1n g O\ et 27 btllton ( li d\- CO'\ . 2(HJ_a). one of the . tate· .. tnai n conce rn .. is findtng ~ ne\\ o t lfi c ld ~ to pt c\ cnt T,\P ft on1 runnin g dry Meg hen al (20 I J) d! '-ICU "'e"' t\\ o co tn n1on p o~o,~., l h tl l t ic . th at would extend oil producti on tn Al a'-lka e1ther open up the \l a"'ka "\at ional \\.!ld llf c Refu ge (A ~\VR ) . a protected area. to re ourcc de\ cloptncnt. or d n II o ff~o, h o rc fh c )'ca r a ncr A Ia~ k a alta med ~ ta tc h oo d , and e1ght year be fore oil wa" dt '-ICO\c rcd 111 the ~ t a te. Co n g r c~~o, pa<;~cd th e A'IW R hill (l laycoA. 2002a), protcc trng a\ a~ t area along the ~o rth . lope and th e hcrdtng g round ~ or th e Porcupine ca nbou. Rc ourcc de\ elopn1cnt in A WR 1'-'> a co ntenti ous ~ ~~ u e 111 A l a~ka today bccau c the refuge hou c an e tin1 atcd ten bill ton barrel o f oil and openr ng it up for dril ling would di\ crt attenti on from offs hore de\ cloprnent ( hen aL 20 13 ). Opcn1ng A \VR therefore een1 like the le cr oft\ o ev tl . ln the North lope Borough, n1any Iii upiat upport dcvelopn1cnt 1n A WR because they worry that the decline in oil production wi ll lead to a dec ltnc 111 rc\ enuc and, therefore. would affect their autonon1y. For n1any li1uptat. W R '\va a huge area that th e federal 43 go\ crnn1cnt had arbt tran ly dra\\ n a l111 c around and dee rccd that you could not take otl li·< rn" (Rers , 201 2 50) I laycox (2002a) countet" that '\nlctr ca n a~o., a\\ hole pr e fcr to pt otcct \ R . her\ al (20 11) note~ that Congrc" \ oted t\\ ch e t1111e" all e,1dy on \\ hcth e1 to open WR, \\ 1th no re~ ult. Jnt e J e~ tm g ly. , th e J\\ Jch' tn, \vho~o.,e tJ achtJ onctl tcii'Jl ory borde 1 ~ the . outh area of '\ \\ R. do not upport openin g \ 1 \\ R to dnllmg (l la yco\, 2002a). I I 1\ \\ R re nHun ~;., pt otcc ted, th e ~econd opt ton to rene\\ otl produ ct 10 11 Ill la ~o.,ka '" o ff"horc Ulllllllg l n the Ia te 2000~o.,, the l' (.eo Iogica I SUI\ e} condu cted "c 1~ 1111 c tc"h 111 the Beau fort tlnd Chukc h1 ctt~o., The Beau fort 1" e~o.,t1 n1,1tcd to hold ·x :->2 bt lIion O(ll rc I" o f o iI and 27 64 trillt on cub tc fee t of natut,tl ....g,t~o.," ( hcl\al. 2011 109). Exxon\lobil. Brrt1"h Pet roku rn and . hell Od brd brllron~;., o f uoll,u~o., on otTsho1e k,t~o.,e~o., (lluehert. 20 11 : 31 ), igniting a strong c n ~c or conce rn an1ong the li1uptdL \\ ho \\011 y about the de\ astat1on an of[ hore oil ~o.,p JII \\Ould cau e I he '.;otth lope Borough chttllcnged helltn court in 2007, "charging the federal agency. rc porhrblc lor pcrn11tting an) ofhho1c dr Jlling \Vith failing to conduc.t undcrlymg ctcncc. [and] railing to ~;.,ho\v \\ hcthcr the dr til plan would do harn1 to the area" o fT~;., h ore" ( R c t ~o.,~. 2012 · • ) 0\cr the nc\t fi\c }Car-... hell rcbutlt tt~ rclation~o.,hrp vvtth the Inuptat. "caled do\\ n thctr proJect, and learned to con1pro n1 1 ~e ( Rei~~;.,, 20 12), but plan" can1e to an abrupt halt In late 20 1? \\hen it c'ploratory drill rig. Kulluk, dr connected fron1 1t~ tugboat and ran aground ncar Kodiak I land. off the coa t of la ka It 1 at tht~ point that n1y rc~ea rc h begin . looktng at ho"' nC\\ paper" d1 cu~;.,~ rc~;.,ource de\ clopmcnt rn 20 I ~, gl\ en the hi tory of the region and recent development uch as the Kulluk ground tng 44 The \'orth we.\ I Territorie"' Fron1 Fu1 to (), / Pedu1p tnore ~o than r\ Ia ka , re our ce de\ e loprnent t ~ the threcH.I \\ ea \ mg toge ther 'anou ~ fo rn1 ~ of regtonal autonon1y 111 Canad a·" orth\\ e~ t Tet n tot tc . both bt oa <.ll y 111 t e rn1 ~ o ft he terntory and al ~ n on a n1all et "ca lc rega ttllng l nd1 ge n o u ~ ~e lf g ted onl1 or ap po111ted nle tn be t" \Vho rne l 111 Otta\\a. not in Yello'' kntf e fLn nonH cdll y. the territo ry' s sett le r" tt nd \bori g111al g r o up ~ foc u ~c d nlO\ tl y on l\.11 tr apprng and tr c.ldtn g ( \lun ik et al.. 2001) (h er th e nc'\t dec,td c, though. otl and gt1..., C\pl orat1 on conti nt1cd c.lnd. in 192 1, the federal go\ e1nn1ent ~ 1 g n c d ·r rea ty 11 \\tth tn o~ t of th e terntor) · \hotl glllal g ro up ~. c\cept for th e Inu \la lu it. ·1rca ty II enabled th e federal go\ erntnent to ha\ e rnore control O\ er th e rc"ource- r1ch land and to hlllld ~ lt onge r relati on ·htp.. , wtth otl and ga co tn pan te engaged tn dc,e lopn1ent '\t the tin1e. th e 1\,!orth \\-e\ t Tcrriton e ' n1 a1n rc pon tbtltt} a\ a go' C111lllg hod} ' ' a" to pr o\ tde ~e n 1cc~ on behall o f th e • federal go\ emn1ent Th1 mcludcd "en tee\ to Aborigi nal con1n1un1tl c (\1cA rthur, 200 9). ~ 1 By 193 , otl re\ cnuc. urpa ed trapptng reYcnuc 111 th e tcrntory fo r th e fir~ t tin1c ( ab1n, 1995), thereby ll hcnng 111 a ne\v era Of CeOl101111C devclopnlcnt. Go venunent of the Northwest Territoru!S' With increased rc ource expl oration in the region, the federal go\ cn1n1cnt rccogni ?cd a need for in1provcd governance. The year 195 1 n1arkcd the fi r t tin1e th e orth\\ c~ t " Due to trcaty- mak mg. the federal go\cmmcnt 1s rc. pons1blc fo r pro\ 1dmg sen 1ce" fo r Abo nginal groups mos t prov m cc~ tn 45 rerntone ~ ounctl 1ncluded both elected and appotntcd n1c1nbct ~ , \\< ho .. altct natf cd I n1cct1ng, between ()tta~a and the orth" ( lw. 1999 Y' (\Vhttc, 2009) The lnu\ tal utt then rc-stntted the ncgottati onc., procc~c., 111 2007 for lnu\ talutt c.,c lf-go\e mmcnt JC) 51 generating a gnn1 outlook for th e p1pe ltnc ·~ C\ cntual co n~tnt ctJon rortv :year~ had pa~~cd . 1ncc the p1pelme 's JllJtJal propo~al. Today, n1any ,n e ftu ~ trat ed '' 1th the co tnpll ctllcd regulat ory pt oce~ that 111du ~ lt y n1u. t na\ 1ga tc and urge fo r ~ trca rniJn1n g (C ownoyea, 2009: E rland ~o n. 2009, Fenge, 2009) . A~ Terry Fcnge e\.plalll, \\llh t oda y·~ co1nple' Jnt e q.!,O\e Jnnl e nt a lr c lation ~ hlp~ bcl\\ ee n th e federal go\ crnn1cnt. th e teJ tJtorwl go' erntncnL and \ ho tJ gtntd gJrab le and worthwhil e. In her e ay on theoreti ca l inco ns1 tency, e~'bu ry explains hovv " th e purpo<;,c of thi s interdi sciplinary approac h is to ... begin to work aga in t the oc iall y con~ tru c tcd con~tra int that lin1it our ense of what n1ay be" (Newbury, 2011 : 339). Applying Hara\vay 57 (2000, 2010) and Barthc ( 19 ) to an J<.,<.,uc l1k e Je<.,ou Jcc de\clopn1cnlt<., tJ <.,c fulin te11n' o f \\'1den111g the conceptualtlat Jon of cu ltural "tud1 e' 01 of politi cal "c1cnce Th1~ re~care h abo a . un1c that nC\\ \ pdpCI<., play an mflu entJal 1olc 111 \Oc tely Wtth thegn)\\ thor dtgJta l 111CdJa, l1 C\\ , paper rcadcr\hlp 111 PI tnt fonn at conllllliC\ to dec line but onlm c rcadcr<.,lllp 1s gro\vtng (Pc\\ Re\ea tch Cen t1 c, 20 11 ) Per onallv. I CillO) 1ea d1J1 g th e nc''' and lnl\ e read ne'' "paper ~ 1nc c I \\,l<., d child . J ctt n dJ \CCrn tll \ tan cc<., \\he1c 11C\\ <., paper\ \ hapccJ 0 1 111 fl Uenccd 111) J1CI \ j1CL (I\ C\. an ldCd that 111Cd Ia \C hn ld t'S a Jso a fl I 1111 (Chaffee 8.: fr ank. 1996. Higg m' · \It a. 1999. Phelan. 2009). By Canadian "tand ard . r an1 a ·,outh crn cr.' bo Jn 111 ( algary ttnd )1( )\\' ,, , mg in Pr lll CC George, a s1na ll c1ty 111 north ern Bnt1 ' h Collllnbld •\n 1rony \\ ttl11n th1~ re,earch 1\ tlwt rny pcrccpt1on~ about ht)\\ north cn1 nC\\~ papc" po1t1 ay the north n \ k p1 opagatmg \Ou th crn \\ay\ of knO\\ mg I lun c ne\ er l1\ cd 1n Canad,1·, \1 ctJc ,1 nd thJ \ \vi ii IJkcly 'hapc the findin gs. Mo. tly , th1 ' rc,ca rch chall enge 'ou th cJnCI\ to thmk Cllll ca ll y about \vhy they n11 ght ~cc the north 1n a part1cttl ar ''a), and to a'~c rt th,lt there 1n igh t be nun1erou<; \vay\ to <.,cc th e north . lt1n1ate ly, although the theoretical fran1C\VOI k cclcbra te~ n1ult1ple cptstcn1 olog1c\, th e theory it elf is ~ till grounded 111 '\VC tern ' vvay~ or knOVvlng. For exa mpl e, J lon11 Bhabha (2010) explai ns hov.' we. tern cpi ten1o l og 1 c~ that dnl\\ on idea from the Enli ghtcnn1 cnt arc rooted 111 bmary opposition . and ure enough, thJ <; re<;earc h tart by conc; tntcl mg a · f\jo rth outh ' btnary that entad companng 'one· and ' the other.' I fo\vcver, 1n n1y approach J do not grant any <;pccial de tgnation to ' north' or 'south,' nor do I a 1gn thcn1 po~t tJ \ e or ncgatJ\ e value . Many we tern cultural studie cholar<;, ~ ~ 1ncluding Haraway, d1 c u~~ way~ to '' thtnk difference differentl y" (1-Iaraway, 2000: 70) in order to avoid reductive approaches based on 4 ~ LoUise Archer's cs ... ay, " Rc- Theorizmg Di rrc rcncc" (2004 ). prO\ rdc~ an 0\ Cf\ IC\\- or '-.OlllC of the\\ a}" cultural '-.lll(lr cs thcorr ..,ts try to rcthmk dr ffcrcncc 58 th e rig1d1ty ofb1nary oppo. Jtt on. f o I laJC.lv. ay, th1 ~ proce , mvo h e~ " knowledge tun ed to re5onan ce, not to dtchotorny"' (I lat av.ray. 2000 7 1) Tht ough rc latJon~hlp ~ . co n ce pt ~ gain thctr n1can1ng . uch a" ·north ' and '<...outh.' \\ h1 ch in1pl1 c that nun1c1ou<... r clat 1 on~ htp <... be t'' ec n concept<... '' 111 lead to rnu lt1 pic 111Ctlt11 ng<..., th e reb} <.. Uh\ erlt ng th e pr openstty to d rchotornl/C A ~ a re"'ea 1chct conduct lll g a co n1pa1atI\ c ~tud v, n1 y c hallcnge 1"' to c pen 1n en t \\'tth · d 1ffcrencc' by "' hO\\ 1ng n1 can ing"' th1 ough rc Ia t1on"'h IJ1"' and ac k 11 0\\ lcdg111g that n1can111 g at c not fi"\ cd Foc u ~ on Print lledia Be fore \Cnturing into the detdils nfthc 1ncthod'. this sect1on add1e'"e" why th~<... research focu C~ on pnnt ll1 Cdld 111\h~dd of tlllOthcr form or 111CdJa JJ!\e <,OcJa} 111ed1a or broadcac;t 111Cdl a Although pnnt rnedia fC\ Clllle\ continue to dcclmc with the I J<...C or the internet. tht <.. doc<... not n1ct1n that ' rcadmg· .... the ne\\"' ~<... 111 deLl me Jn 2011. the Pev. Re,earc h Center'<... tate (~/the YeH \ J.\ ledta noted hO\\ "the clcarc't pattc1n of nev.<, aucl1 ence growth 111 20 12 ca tne on dtgital platfo nn ~·· (PC\\ Rc,carch Centc1. 2011 ). <...uggc<...tmg that in<...tead of • paper format, rcaderc; nO\\ rcaJ nC\\ paper' onlmc The 'an1c can al'o be "'a1d abou t broadca t mcdra, ''here aud1cncc~ n1rght not phy 1call} turn on the tr tclc\ 1 t o n ~ to watc h the new but trean1 on lt ne 111 tea d. Furthennorc, print media arc genera lly n1ore inforn1att\ c than broadca~t tned ia (Chaffee & Frank, 1996), c pccial ly \\hen 1t con1e to edt tonal at ltclc~, "" h1ch a un1e knowledge and authority 111 and of thcn1 elves (Phelan, 2009). The Pew Rc carch Center (20 13) notes a decline in loca l te l cv i ~ 1 o n '<;~ to ry length". in1plying that broadca~t rned ia arc shifting towards providing l c~ . inforn1 ation and analysic; on i ~ u e~. Print n1t:dJa thereby 1nakc 59 an c iTcc tt\ C fonn to "tudy hO\\ i <., ue ate portra) cd be ca u ~e ofthe tr teputatton to p)(n tdc 11101 c 1nfo11nat ion than other tn ed 1a pia t forn1~ Qua/italil'e Di~co ur.\e 1naly.\ i.\ Ba ~c d on the th co n c~ outl111ed ca t llet by Bart he" ( 19XX) and I I ara \\ ay ( 2000, 20 10 ). Jatnc ~ 1ce' . . 1n lntrodu(/!onto f )f\(OliJ 'e lnah·''' Theon · ond \fcthod(2005) pn)\ 1d c~ a suitabl e n1 ethod to ~ tud y nC\\ ~ pape r~' language u~e. the1 1 conlc\.h. an d thet t utHkt ly tng ep1"tcn1ologic" Gee (200") agtee" that multtplc truth" e\.1'-.l. and he rccngnt/e'-. tnl crtextua l rclatt on" ""\\el l a" pO\\Ct dynan1tl'-. Fot Gee. "a dt"cour~e atwly"'~ 1n vohc" ask in g quc~ tt on~ about hO\\ language. at a g1\ en tin1c and plctu:. '" u"cd to con'-.truc the a'-. pec t ~ or the '-. ttuat1on nct\\O tk a" tedll/cd c.1t that ttn1e ,tnd pl,tcc dnd hov.' the a~pech of th e ~ tluatt o n net\\ ork ~ 1111u ltancou "I; gt \ c tnean i ng to that language.. (Ciee. 200 ') · I I 0 ). In th 1<., ~c n ~c. the po"stbllt ltc for tdcnttfylllg \aJIOU\ knO\\ l edge~ and \at IOU\ n1eanlllg~ ren1a1n a" open a~ po .. stblc. Another 11nporta nt componcn t in Gee· ~.tpproach to d 1'-.COUr'-.e ana Iy~1 ~ 1" that he rcfra 111 fron1 ~ca re h mg for author · tn ten t1o1h and focu'-.cs 1n"tcad on 1ntcrpretat ion~ (Gee . • 2005). "n1ent1oned ca rlt er. n1y rc~carch under'-.ttlnd~ JOUrnalt t~ a ' reader<.,' of an C\ent or i tuatton ( Barthc , 19 ). The n1cc han 1~n1 JOUrna lt'-.t U\C to dJ ~ern mate k novv ledge g1\ e thcn1 pO\\ er to hapc pcr<)pectl\ c , ye t th 1 pov\ cr 1" generated by and operate<; \v 1th 111 ext ttng cultural or cpi tcn1ological assu n1pt1on . A I o, tn a con1parati vc co ntext Gee·~ approach to d1 cour c analy i enab le an exp loration or how art ic le') relate to eac h other, both locall y and nati onall y. Concerning the proccs~ of di cour c analy~i , Gee\\ ntc that d1 cour c analyl:) l!:-, 1s not n1ea nt to be a . tcp-by-stcp n1 cthod but in~tcad pro\ ide " think1ng dcv1ces" (Gee, 2005 : 9) 58 the I tgtdt ty 0 r bt nary oppo~ Jtton. r0 I lara\\ 3}' th 1(} pt occ c., 111\ oh cs " knO\\ ledge tuned to rc onancc, not to dt chotorn y" (liatav\ay, 2000 7 1). I htough t c lat t o n~htp ~. co nc e p t ~ gain thctr rncaning. c.. uch ac.. ' north ' and· ou th.' \\htch 11nplt c~ that JHII11 Ctou" t c latton ~ htp ~ bct\\ccn co nccph \\Ill lead to tnulttple n1 cd ntn g~. th crch) c.. tth\ ctting the pi opcn<; tt} to d1choton1t/C. sa rc~ca t c h c t condu cttng a con1pm at1\ C "tudv . n1 v chall enge t ~ to C\pctt nl cnt \\'tth •dtfTcrcncc' b) ~ ho'' tng tn ca n i n g~ tht ough t clat t o n ~ h'P"' dnd dckno\\ ledgtng that n1can tn g~ arc not fi '\Cd '- F'oc u.\ 011 Pri11t lfedia BcfOIC \Cilturing into the (ktails orthc lllCthod '- this section add r c~~c~ \Vhy- thtc., rc"'ca rch focu"c'-~ on pt tnt tncdta tn'-ltcad of anothe r fot 111 of tncdt<.t ltkc "oc tal n1 cd ta or broadcast n1 cdia Although pnnt tncdta rc\ cnuc" continue to dccltnc \Vit h the r t ~c o f th e tntcrncL tht'-1 doc" not nlCtln thttt ' rcadnH( ..... the nc''"' 1~ 111 dcLltnc. In 20 11, the Pc'' R c~carc h Center'~ Store of the \eH' \/eclio noted hO\\ ··the clcarc\t pattern of 11C\\C.. audt cncc grow th tn 20 12 canlc on d lgita 1 plat forn1 '-,,. (PC\\ Rec..carc h Ccn tCJ. 20 11 ). c.,uggcq I ng that I n ~ t cad 0 r • paper formaL reade r'-~ nO\\ read nc\\ paper"' onltnc The c.,an1e can al~o be ~atd about broadca ~ t n1cdw, "here audic ncc5 n11ght not phy Icall y turn on th ctr tclcv J (}JO n ~ to watch the new but trcan1 online tn. tead. Furthcm1ore. print media arc ge nerall y n1orc infonnati\c than broadca"t n1c(ha (Chaffee & Frank, 1996), c pccia lly \\hen 1t con1c to edttonal a rtt c 1 c~, \Vhtch a~ tunc knowledge and authority tn and of thcn1 elves (Phelan, 2009). The Pew Rc ca rch Center (20 13) notes a dec 1inc in loca I televi ion' ~tory lengths, irnpl ying that broadca"t n1cdia arc ~hiftin g towards pro viding lc5. infon11ation and analy i<; on t ~ u c~. Pnnt n1cd1a thcr cby n1akc 59 an cffcctl\c fonn to ~:., tud y hO\\ t ~~:., u c. arc porttaycd bccau ~c of th etr reputation to ptov t<.l c n1orc mforn1att on than other tncdta platfo t 111~ Qualitath•e Disco ur.H! tna(r.\ i\ B a~ed on th e thcone~:., out lmcd carl n~r b~ Bat the~:., ( 19XR) and I I a ra\\ a y (2000 : 20 I 0 ). 1a tne" Cl cc '~:., An /ntro(/iu !I nil to [ ),\(our' ( I noh " ' Thern:v one/ \lethoc/ ( 200 ~) pt O\ tdc a uttablc n1ethod to ~ tud) nC\\ "Parer"· lan guage u"e, thett co nt e~h. and th eir undetl ytn g cpt ,tctnologtc. (, ce (200')) c1gree' that nHtltlpl e truth" ex t"L and he t ecog nt /c~:., mtertex tual relatio n'i a~:., \\e ll a po,\ et dy,ndtnic" r or C1 CC ...a dt,cou t'e ttnal\"t quc ~:., tt on 11n ohc~ a\ktng about hO\\ language, at a gt\ en ttnlc ttnd plc1Le. is u ~:.,e d to consttuc th e a'pcc t ~ of the 1tuation nct\\Otk a" tea lt ;ed at that tin1e c1nd pl,tcc ttnd hO\\ the a~:.,pcLh o l th e ~:., ttu a tt o n net\VOrk 1111Ult ancou~:.,l\. '-l!J\ c 111Can tn .....Q to that ltln guagc" ((icc. 200~ ..... ~ I I 0). rn tht ~:., \C il SC. the po~:., tbtltti C\ lo r tdcntd) tn g '~.triou" kno\\ ledge' and va riou' n1cttnmg~ rctnam dS open a~ po" 1blc. not her llnportant con1ponent 111 C1ec ·"approach to d t ~:.,cou r~:.,c analy~t~ 11:., tha t he rc fratn ~ fron1 ca rchtng for auth or"' 1ntcnti on and focu\c tn\tead on mt c rprc tat1on ~ ((icc, 2005). A n1cnti oncd ca rlt cr. n1y 1 c ea rch under'-ltand 5 JOurnalt~t' a ·reader<,' of an C\ cnt or 1tuatton ( Barthe , 19 ) The n1ec han 1 111 JOurnal 1 ~ t u"c to dt <;\C I11in ate kno\\ ledge gtvc thcn1 power to shape p c r~ p cc tt vc~. ye t thi. power 11:., ge nerated by and operate\ wi th in cxi t1ng cultural or cpi tcmologica l a sun1ption ·.AI o, in a con1parat1vc co ntex t, Cicc'~ approach to di cour c a n a l y ~ 1 enable an exploration of hov. arttclc\ relate to eac h other. both locally and nationally. Concerning the proccs of di cour c analys ts, Gee v. ntc that di course analy ~ ~ i not Incant to be a tcp-by-stcp n1cthod but in tead prov ide '' thinking dcv1cc "(Gee. 2005· 9) 60 to factlltate rc, carch J CC propo c~ a ll ~ t of l\\ CI1t)' ~ •x que l1 on ~ to co n ~td c r \\ hen tcatllng a text ( JCC, 2005 . 110- lll) , wh 1ch he ~ ubdJ\Id c tnlo the folio\ mg ~C \ e n catcgonc'l J. I l O\\ th e text budd ~ l g nlli c an cc ( JJ\ en that nl Cdllln g ell c ~ Jtuat c d , " ho\v and '"hat dtffcrcnt thtng tn can " 2. I low the text cx pla1n" act I\ tti C'- I l'or/\ T11nes (An1enca n nat1 onal ne'A . paper), and The H'a,·/nngton Povt ( n1en can national newc; papcr) For a cornplctc l1~t or the 11C\\ ~ art tc lc~, ~ee .\ppend 1\ C It hough BarrO\\ , la ~ ka doc~ ha \ c a ne\\ ~papet, Th e 1u 1h Sozoule1, 1t doc~ not hd\ e an on line at cl11 ve nor ''ere th e 20 13 1~ s ue. a\ c.ulabl e at th e lin t\ er.. tty of la ~ ka - J'a1rbank~ ' Ra~nlll ~ on I 1b1 ary The nat ton a I ne\\ ~paper~ ha' e on ltne c.u chn e~ ac ce~~ ~ h le th1 ough the U111\ c1~ 1t y of orthe1 n Bntt h .. o lu1nb~a '~ Cico ffrey \Vellcr l1btdl') I tra\ elled to Fairbank~ <.tnd Ycllo\\knde 111 prt I and I\ 1ay 0 r 20 14 to co II cc t ll C\\ ~ arlJC Ic~ I fOill the Fan han/..\ f )ai/r VeH \ \1117('1\ the lnu\ 'IA /)non . and VeH'\ \ orth The \'eu' \/nl( r has an online a1chl\c accc "'hie through the of\\ 'a le~ ~orthcrn llct1tage Centr e to' 1e\\ PDf \ C r~ 1on ~., o l \ e11' \orth and th e lnzn 1/.. Dnon I then 1dentlfied all the art1cle..., that focu~cd on te ource <..l e\ eloptnent 1n th e Bea ufort Sea regton. u tng the ec.l rc h tern1 1., " Bea ufort . ea .. \ i': D " rc~out cc dev c lopn1cnt" 0 R "o ff ~.,horc dnlltng" OR p1pel111c OR odOR gas A I rca<..l news arttcle~ tn the lnu\ 1/.. Dnon, I not1 ced that few article~., pec dicall y menttoned the ~ea rc h tem1 " Bea ufort . ca." likely bccau~c Jnuvtk 1 located in the Beaufo rt ~ ea region and to n1cntt on tht <, ~ee n1 <, redundant. To a l cs~.,c r extent, thi .. al o occurred tn 1Vews ,Vorl h. As a re ult, I Included arttclc tn the li7ln 1k J)rzon and NeH·s/North that do not nece ~ ari ly u ~e the pec ifie tenn "Beaufort ca" \\h en the arti cle~ di ~c u ed re ource de\ eJopmcnt in the region .-1" I abo Included edt tonal and guc. t "'" An exJmple oft l11s • ~ m the context of the Mackenl le Valley p1pcl111e It \\i.l\ slated to bcgm along the Be.tufo•t Sea and e'\ tend for th ou ~o,ands of kilometer"> sou th through the tern tor) \\ 1th the recent ..,h,lle o1l d1~o,covcry 111 the Sahtu rcg1on near Norman W e ll ~. man y /vew\ !vorllz a rt1 c l c~o, thscu..,o..,ed the Mackcn/le \'aile)' p1pclme m th1 ~o, contex t I onl y mcluded these art1clc~o, If they made a ..,pee die reference to rc . . ource de\ elllpmcnt 111 the I3eauiOJ t Delta. 6/ corn rn ent bccau"'c, a. n1cnttoncd pre\ t o u ~ l y, 1cadet"' tend to "'ce thcn1 a" authontat tve tex t" wn ttcn by experts ( Phc Ian, 2009) I d HJ not me lude " Letter<; to th e [.. d 1tor" bec au ~e to tnc lud e th en1 e ntad ~ 1nuch tnore re ca rch relattng to th eu· purpo<;e and th e relatt on, htp"' the) help budd bet\\een ne\\ <;papel\ and tcadet"', \\ ht ch '"'certainl y 111tere'-, t111g but beyond th e SCOpe or th1 ~ research . •\!th ough origina ll y I hoped to u~e c.lrttc.k<; lron1 as f~u hack a' 19X9, \\ hi ch \votlld allo\\' for ht <;tott cal ,ts \\ell a' gcogt ap ht cal conlpart '-,011\, tht\ re,tdtcd tn thou,,tnd"' o f arttcl C\, \\ hi Ch \\(l\ be)Oild the \COpe ofa 1a\ter's the\1\ and bC',.OI1d the scope ofa qualttati\C d•"'cour\e tlndl) "that COI1\Jdet\ cc.1ch att1cle u 1ng Cree·, (200')) "'e\en categonc<;. ~a n.:~ult, I ntttiO\\ed the date to 2(J I 1 hecau\e I JnteJ\te\\ed Jou rn alt\h 111 ea rl y 20 14, <;o the yea r 20 l 3 \\as \t til ft e\h in the 1r 111 md<; A" n1ent 1oned 1n the pre\ IOU\ c haptet. 20 11 wa"" a 'igntli ca tH ) ca r fo t re...,ourec de\ clop tncnt tn both \la...,ka and the 'orth\\ c~t fc11 1t01 I C\ h el l' ~ n1uch-a11tJctpatcd c\.ploratol) dnll \htp dt"connectcd fron1 11\ tugboat off the northct n coa t or Alaska 111 late 20 12, and tn 'a nada. the • orth \\ Cl;)t Tern tone\ <;Jgncd a devolution agrcen1ent \\ ith the fede ral go\ ernn1cnt. Aero the e\en new paper , a total or I 06 news arti cle" di~cu sed re"ou rce dcvclop rnent in the Beaufort ca region in 20 13. l\' eH'\ North publi<,hcd 36 nc\\ article", an1 oun ting to approximately one third of al l the artt clc that I Identifi ed . A a con1pan ~o n , the .V ew,- Af1ner publt hed only nine arti cle . The. e vary tng nun1bers po cd 1nterc~ting coding chall enges beca u5e 36 article allowed for rn ore repetiti on in the content but n1ne arti cles was ca icr to exa n1ine a a whole. AI o, that the 11utnbcr of ar ticl e~ vaned qu ttc 63 L ubstanttall y ae ro L the ne'A papet tllu tra te~ th e e\. tent to \\ htch new papers pet ccivc th e tgndieanee of re. ouree developn1ent 111 th e B ea u fo rt ~ ea regton ( ce Tab le 1 I) Resource de\eloptncnt 111ight be l e~~ 1111p0rtant ror the \ c H \ \f111C'r and 1110re 1111p0t lant lo t ,\'eH \ \'orth I ab le 3.1 \ e" \ \ rti clc Pu bli\ hcd in 20 11, Ref erencing H. c\ourrr De, elopm l•nt in th r Beaut ort ~ ea Region '\ (' \\ \ pa per lhe l ~t TIH /he \'ut wn o I I 011 hank' hu" tk Ve\1 ' Nfll th ~- Vt" T"o./,1\ }'()I J.. IJ'mhmgton Po't Tune,, Globe and l'o \1 f), um I0 I /J,d\ \{ H \• M111c'l Mat! '\ um h(' l of '\ C\\ \ (} 0 II It 111 3f> (I l fl6 \1h clc\ f o kee p the datc.l organt/etL I u ~e d ~ a ndra Ktrhy and Kate M c K e nna ·~ ( 19X9) chap ter. " Prcpan ng r or and Do mg '\nal) \ t"'·" a"' a "'tart ing pomt rot htton: \.\ hat I <) eac h new paper telling it~ reader in tenn of re~ource de\ clopn1cnt 111 the Beaufort ea regio n'> u, Si1nilarly, I did not code the arti cles by ind tvJdua ] JOUrn ali t~ becau c I wanted to d1 ce n1 wh ether eac h new paper tend to take a pa rticular per pec tt\ e, o wh en I pre~c nt the findin g<; I o narrow the a n a l y~ t ~ further (t c to ~epa ra te by JOUrna ll ~ t. month, guest co lum n. ec..l tton ul. etc } ts beyond the "cope of tht <; Mas ter'" thcsts I \\ Ou ld ha\e to tncl udc mo re than one :year to re~lll } be ,tble to gencralt1c f"or example, Fmrhanh DwlrNeHs- /l fmeronly publtshcd ntne drttclc.., m 20 13. ~ ht c h \\Ou ld no t allm\ for muc h c.on'-,t<;tcnc.y au os<; these \a nable.., (1 e I cannot gcnera111e abou t \ clu- \!mer's gue..,t colum n.., bcc,tusc they onl y publtshcd one gu c~ t colum n) 411 L 64 and refe r to ' newspa pers' a an enttty. I cll11 "peaking of 'ne\\ paper"' a tnclud tng n1u ltJ ple journa ll ~t~ Fvery ne\\~pape t had 2-4 tecurnn g th etne" and I nartO\\ed the"e do\\11 to fi\e ~tgn die t " Both the rccuttmg then1e~ and the "tgndiet" arc pte ented in Chapte r I ou t . Tab le 3.2 l'. e"' \ rt iclc Tab le .--- '1\,c;\\ \tltdc' H ulch Stgntfil.tlli.C Hutld' \c;ll\ lite<; H tid ldcnllltcs Au lid Rcl.tlwn,htp f tile \111hot f\1gC Hulld Hulld Build Kc' Ptl\\ cr ( (lllllCI.Illlll<; Knn'' kdgc<> f'ht.ISC.., \'l" \\11111 I - Janu.11' "' bel\\ ecn hO\\ the ne\\ "J1i.lpet.., explam that the Notlh west I erntoncs t!-1 resourcc-ttch (t e the regton ,.., boomtng, the regton t"-1 n pe f01 itnec.,tment. and the reg10n ha . . nc~ role . . to play Ill n C\\ markets) r\ mant fc . . t code \\ I began b] ~ t at i ng ~o tne or the undcrlyi ng as~tnn ptt nns that ~httpe ho\\ I percc1" c th 1~ rc~ca rc h , and then dt~cu~~cd \\ h; I c h o~c to look at pnnt n1edta. or n e\\~papc r ~. C\ en th ough . tat1 tt c~ den1 o n ~ trat e that nC\\ papct r cade r~h tp 1 tn decline FoliO\\ tn g tht ~ I tnlt oduccd the fir~ t rnethod I u~e 111 thi~ thC'-,1 . a qualitatt\C dt~COUI\C anal;~ t ~ that cxan1mcd eight nc\\ p a p e r~ pub It hed tn 2013 \\ htch dt cu~~ re~ou t cc de\ clop tncnt in th e Beau fort . ca rcgton. To bulld upon the dt~cour'-e a n a l y~ t ~. 1 then tnlroduced another n1 ethod . . ctnitructurcd in ten tC\\ '- I in ten tC\\ ed rx journa It '-t '' ho '' ork tn ct thcr Fatrban k ~ or Y cli O\\ knt rc in order to pro\ tdc a n1 orc locali/cd con text to frarnc ho\V I coded the nc\\ ~ arttclcs, a well a to learn n1ore about ' north ern ' JOUn1a!tsn1 tn general. Ftnally, J ended the chapter with a dt cu<;sion of potential limitation relating to th1 the i ~. 77 haptcr Four e\\ pape rs Overvie w In thr chapter. I ~ h ed light on th e re~ca r c h qu c~ tt o n ~ a ktng hO\\ Canadtan and rnen can n e w ~ pape r ~ rc prc~e nt re~o ut cc de\ cloprnent 111 th e Beaufort ca reg ton , ho\v nat rona I and toea I n c \v~ pa p e r ~ rept c.. ent re~n urcc de\ c Iopn1cnt. and. \\ lw t arc the \ana t 1 011 ~ and th e "in1dantrc bel\\ cc n ne\\ ~ p a p e r CO \ eragc') \ppend1\ C con ta m ~ a co rnplcte IJ ~ t of all the ll C\\ ~ a rtt clc~ mcluded 111 th1 ~ tud ; \It er co n ~ Jd c tm g th e ar lt c l e~ 111 eac h ne\\ ~ pap e r , I tdcnttfi cd fi\ e rec urring ~ t g n tfic r~ that ne\\ ~ pape r~ u eel to dt ~c u ~~ 1c~ ou r ce de' clop rnent 111 the Beaufort , ea rcg ton /\ tn cnti oned. B a rth c~· ( 19XX) latet \ \ O J'k 111 "c rni o tt c~. the ~ tud y of . 1 g n ~ . noted ht)\\ eac h ~ t g nt fie d (or concept ) ct1n h d\ e d ll in fi nttc nutnher o f ~ 1 gntfi e r~ ( \\ O rd ~ that repr e~e nt a co nce pt) In othet \\ 0 1d ~. 1e~o urcc de\ elopn1ent 1n th e Sea u fo t t , ea rcgton can be dcsc nbed u ~ tn g tna ny diff erent tcnn". '' ht ch n1 ea n diff erent th i n g~ to cltfTc rcnt readers 81 oadl; ~p eaktn g. ne\\ ~ p a p e r~ tend ed to pot tra; rc~ourcc dc.:velopn1ent 111 th e Beaufort ea rcg ton u tng th e folio"' tng fi\ c "1gnllier "Oh~o l e t e:· .. f hrt vtng," .. ~r he l a~ t Frontt cr." " Loca l tgni fi ca nce:· and " Protec t De\ e lop." Would ~o n1co n c \Vho onl y re ad ~ the National Po\! ec rc~ource development 111 the ~a n1e \\ ay a" ~o n1eo n c who onl y read th e lnu1 ·iA. Drz11n or The VeH YorA. Tune\· J \Vhat attitude~ do ne\v papers co n ~ tru c t ? How do th ey u e th e five . 1gntfi er ? A di cu cd in the prcviou chapter. 20 13 n1akc a uitab le year to , tudy th e Beaufo rt Sea region bccau e of l\\ o tgnifi ca nt eve nt that Influenced the future of re ourcc development 1n th e region. In the No rthwest Tcrritone , the recent devolution agreement gave th e territory co ntrol ove r it own natu ral re ource . Meanwhile, in Al a ka, h e ll ·~ tnuch-fo llowcd effort to dri ll an exp loratory \vell off: hore catnc to an abntpt end'' hen 1t~ 73 dnll ship, Kullu/... disconnec ted ft orn 1t~ tttgboal. Throughou t 20 I 3, the n ew~ papers 111 tht s ~tu dy colJcct1v e Iy pub lt .. hed 106 art 1c lc~ that addrc"" 1c~ou rce de\ dopn1cn t 1n the Bca u f 0 1t . ca rcgto n Signijiers Barthc" dc~cr 1bc~ a tc\. t a(\ c1 '\\ Ca\ e of ~ t gntfi c r " (ctyrnolog tca ll y. the tc'\ t J(\ a lt~~ u c. a \\0\Cn fabn c) . \\O\en cnttre ly \\tth c ttat1on~. t c f c r cn cc~. cc hoc~. cultura l langua ge~" (Barthc , 19XH I ')9) In tht~ nHlnnct, ll C\\ attr ck" tll C loaded \Vit h po""' hle t ntcrp r c ta t t on~ and \ttuatcd kn o\\l cdge" JU t tl\ ltf e ~ ~ ll arJ\\J} clttnfic~ that ~ t gn i fi e t \ arc pO\\Crful hcca usc th ey can a"~ert "control trategte\" (20 I 0 2204) fh c mo" t cu ltur ally accepted tgni fi ct ~. or the n1o. t ubtquttOU \. rem force the cpt " tc nl o l ogte~ that utH.Jerltc th cn1 Vl o~t of th1 (\ occur" unconsciou ly for reader\. but tht\ bol"ter~ the ptmtlar to each other, t;O I coded then1 together. B a~ed on th e coverage in An1crican nat1 onal news arttelc , readers rnt ght pcrcctvc o ffshore dnlling in the Beaufort , ca a an "'Ob~o l c t c" is uc, due n1 o~ tl y to th e n e\\~ papc r" · focus on Shell Oil' Kulluk drill ship that ran aground in late 20 12. ~a rc ult or thi 77 tnc1dent. hell ' , ferve nt effort to conduct c'.pl o1a tory dn II ing in th e region ground to a halt, . Clttng off rene\\ cd deba te bet\\ cen llldU ~ tl)' ~u p po rt c r~ and en\ lf011111 C llla iJ ~ t (" Protect De\ clop" ~ l g n di er) The nC\\ ~ pape r~ a 11.., 0 I e\ ea led the eha I Iengei.., 0 r J\ l a~ ka '1.., 0 d dependence and f ru ~.., tra t ion It 0 111 otl co rn pan t e~ tO\\ ard the f cdcr al go \ crn rn en t' ~ penn 1ttr ng proce. e~.., (" Thn ' tn g" and " Ob ~ol e t e" ~ 1 gn lfie r ~ ) Und crl yiiH.?. the e cotnpl e"\ re l a t1 on ~ hip ~ ~ ~ a dep rctton o r Ia ka a~ \\. 1ld har ">h. and un mhah1 ted. \\ h1c h pl ay~ c.II rec tiy 111 to th e "T he l aq r ronti er' ' ~ l gnJ!i e r 4 Grounlling of Shell\ 1\u//uA / )n/1 \/up The n1 o~ t co tn n1on 1~~o, u e bet\\ cc n th e t\\ o \ 1ncrJC."1 n nat iona I nc\\ ">pet per" re Ia tc~o, to hell tl and 1t 20 12 dr dlin g ~o,ea">on I \ cry ne\\ art1clc. exce pt for one (The New YorA Tun e\·. pri I 16. 20 11). foc u ~..,c on ctth cr the Ku/ luA · ~ g1ound tng ~ rcc di c.a ll y or 1l ~ rc p e rc u ">~ l o n~o, for hell and other oil co r n p a n1 c~ \\ Otkmg in th e teg ton (The "'ew York Tun e.\ , 201 3: The IVa'\lnngton P (H/. 20 11). ' hell -.. pent yea r"> preparing for ex ploratory dnll ing 111 Ala ~ ka ·" Beaufo rt ~ ea. \\ h de undergo mg te~o, tm g. 1t"> dn II ~ h 1p. Kul /uk, d1 co nn ected fron1 1ts • tug. drifted and ran aground. The new arti cle c\ude a ">e n ~e o f exa~... pc t a ll o n \\Jth Shell f or exan1pl e, one arti cle ~ ta t e that th1 t " the late ~ t tn a en c o fn11 ~ h a p s to befall S h e ll '~ arnb1tiou plan to pro peel fo r otl" (The New York Tinu!\", January 2. 201 3) Anoth er art1cle conttnu e'-, \\ tth a in1tlar tone, expla1n1ng ho\v hell faced "a cn c o l blunder and n1i h ap ~ ... [with 1ts] $4.5 billi on effort that ha been plag ued by cqu1pn1 ent fzulures. d e l ay~. mi. n1anagern cnt, and bad weather" (The 1VeH' YorA Tunc~. Janu ary 9, 20 13). E\ en late mto 201 1, these portrayal s rerna m the a me: " l a ~ t year, 1cc and late pern11 t fo rced hell ' ri g to abandon the area without con1pleti ng a we ll" (The H'a.\ lungton Por.;,t, O\ en1ber 7, 20 13 ). 78 ft er all1t~ effo rt and ca ptt a lm\ e~ted,, hell po tponed dttlltng in the Beaufort .. ea for tlt, 20 13 sea, on in a b1d to re foc u ~ 1t~ effort on the Chukch1 ca. fat ther ea~ l (Th e Tune\. O\ e1nber L 20 l l: The lf'a\lungton Po' t. O\ etnbcr 2. 20 13) eH· YorA O\ ern bet I . 20 ll. The Tra,Jnngton Po' I. The exa~pet dt ton c\.pt es<.;cd by the nC\\" art tc l e~ fa ll " c lcatly \\ ttl11 n the "Ob ~o l e te" \ tgn diet. The tncn ca n ne\\ papet " suggc\ t 0 n<, hot c dlllltng Inay have encountered a platea u and 1t I \ no longer fea 1blc 111 1\.r ct1c \\ atc1" 01c hotonn of En' ironmcnta/1\l\ and !ndu,tn ltno t C\C r y art icle tntetptctcd th e 1\u//u/.. '" gtoundtng d\ rck111dltn g a debate bel\\ ccn od lndU \lfJ \Upportcr\ and Cll\ lf011111CI1talt"'t \ cco rding to I he \ eH rrn A Tune\, th e 1nctd ent th t c~.ltencd "cnvirontncnt,tl ddtna ge and [ca ll ed] tnto que\ lion ~ h el l ·~ pl an<.; to rc~ un1 e dnllmg tn the treac h e rou~ \\atc r~" (Jan uary 2. 20 13) LikC\\J \e. ~ h e ll' s unfortunate end to the dnlling \Ca~o n "nla} "'trengthen the po ttton of en\ uonnlLntali"t<-i" (The Veu Yrn A Tun e\·, February 12, 2011) \\'hen hell dJ\conti nu ed dnlllng for 2011, one artt clc ex plam ~ how th1 ~ ts aku1 to "dcc lanng a cea c-fi re tn one or the natton '<.; fierce~ t political battl e~ O\ er energy de\ elopn1ent and env1 ronn1ental protection" ( Thl! Jf'(.l\/nngton Po\1, Febnwry 2X, 20 13) When n1enca · <., nattonal ne\\ . ., pape r d1 ~cu~~ off\ hore dn lltng in the Beaufort . ea, th ey htghll ght a ragmg deba te bct\\'ccn cnvtronrnentallst and indu try upporters. Th ts polari/Ing tntcrpretation conn ect n1ost ob\ i o u ~ l y to the ·ignifier " Protect! De\ clop" and to a lc<.,ser extent th e "Thrivin g" and "Ob oletc" 1gnificr . 79 111ild Alaska nothcr 1ccu rnng dcp1Ct1on 111 both The \ ew } ()J A. 7nn e., and The 11'aslnngton Po.\ I I S l a~ka a~ a\\ dd place\ o1d of people,\\ 1th an c·..tre1nely. har\ h en\ 11 onn1 cnt lJ ~ 1ng dated tern1tnology to 1efcr to Ia ka Nati\C people, hk c "J\lllCt1 ca nlnd1 an" (Fhe Vell YorA Tun c,, January I, 201 3). an d by eo n\l ~ t c ntl y d c~c rthin g arcat; a\ uninhabited, l1k c "a narrow beach con 1 ~t1ng of co bbl e~. and and gra\ cl" ( T/1( \ c w YorA. I 1111£''· .fdntwry 4, 20 J 1 ), A l a~ka house a \ ery stnall population , ir onc at a ll. 1 ~ 1any artt cle\ dcc;..cnbc 111 detail th e anin1a lt;, planh, and natural en\tt on nl cnt of \la<.,ko,l. \prtl 26. 1 01 1). \\hic h \\ Ould then allov\ lor export oil by ~ upc rtank c J ne arlt clc cx pl,tins how "o ff\ hor c ac ti\ tt) ... 1 ~ por ~c d to acce lerate" ( \'allonal P o\1. Jun e l lJ. 20 11). \Vhtlc another \Vttl e~ "a rn ajo r til <..co\ cry o f ~ hale otl d c po ~o., rt" wa~ tnadc .. ncar 'o t n1an \\'e ll ~" ( \'otiona/ P fJ\ 1, <:;cptctnbcr 2 1, 2011) For Jndu"try and tn\ c~ ttncnt. the m1 agc 1 ~ clear: " tnay. be [th e rot th\\ c~ t Ten tlort c~ ' ] ttn1 c ha<.. ft na ll y arrt\ cd'' ( Vat tonal Po \1. cpten1 her 21. 20 13). l"ht ~ conncc h \cry tr ongly to th e "Thn\ tng" tgndi cr • Cau/tou.\ lndu.\111' If th e IVa Il ona/ Po. 1 show a rec urnng theme or cxc ttcn1cnt about re ourcc developn1ent tn the orthwe t Tcrntone , a c un ou ~ 1n1age lurk1ng a l o n g~ ide i ~ that of tndu ~try remamtng cauti ous, even kepttca l. By and large, the National Po,· (~ article ci te the Mackenzie Valley pipelmc a a di appo intment, an exan1ple or what not to do, and a a I ernton cs ,.. , unprepared for the ' rca ltty" of contro llmg th ow n natu ral rco..,ourcco.., ec Chapter t'< fo r more on \\ha t thts tmpheo.., for readcro.., and '' hethcr o..,uc. h de!)ICtJO no.., arc ""• <:, tem tc detail (I Over the last few yea rs, the Go\ ernment of Alberta and the Alberta oil md u~try lamented O\ er the l,lt.k. ol at.ceo..,o.., to markets for oil ex tracted m Albetla They argue th to.., lack or acccso.., I O\\ cro.., the pnce of Alberta ·..., 011. r onner Premtcr Altson Redford comcd thts sttuatwn a "btt umcn bubble" (Ldmonton Journal. Januar) 4. 2014 ). and the go\ cmmcnt began seektng altcmalt \ c ptpclme routes to Kcyo..,tonc XL and N01 thct n GatC\\ a\. '' htch race much oppoo..,itton. 83 renll ndcr for m du~try to ~ lay prudent: Hthc ~ree ler or the aborted Macken?Je Va lley pipe line [\\arn ~J that re ource proJect~ ha\e a ltn11led . helfltle .... by the tunc fthc Jcgulalot appro a I] \Vas done. the opportun 1t) had pa~~cd" (\'at ional Po\{, art 1 cle~ reiterate tht u gu~l 27. 20 11) Man y language \\ hen d1 ~cu 111g the \ 1dckcn/Je \'alley P1pellne 0 1 the Kulluk '~ ground1 ng ( Vaflonal Po' t. A pn I 12. 20 11. \'a tiona/ Po \ I, ~at c h I 4. 20 13. Vat tonal Po t,~ eptcn1ber 10. 2.0 11 ). 11n oktn g the "Ob~olc t c" ~Jg nlfi c t Concerning ho\\ mdu tr) r eac t ~ to the a ppat c ntru ~h for rc ourcc~ inlhe Tcrnt o n e~. c.lltr clc" c\p laltl hO\\ "otl co rnpan te O Jlh \\ C~ t ttre rn no hurr;" (!Vattonal J>o\t, A u gu~ t 27, 20 I 3), 0 1 that "' 1t' ~ f~1r fron1 clea r ... that rndu\lt) ac t I\ It} ''til foliO\\" ( Vattonol Po\ I, eptetnber 10. 20 11) Rc,ou rce de,clopment in northern re1!.ion" I\ tcplcte \\ Jth c hall e n ge~ and co n1pan1 e~ do not fee l O\ crl y con fitlcnt they ca n O\ crco rn c them A cold. har~ h . northern clin1ate J\ a nl ajot ob, taLic. lcad1ng to h1 gher CO\h c.1nd narro\\C I profi t n1a1gJn~ ( Vattonal Po ·t, ugu l 27. 2.0 13, ;\attonal Po\/, r ebnlc.lry 13. 20 11 ). B c~ Jd e~ clrnlatc. COI11 111li111Li e~ Ill the ortlnv c~ t Terri tone' lack 1nfra,tructurc ( Yattonal Po \1. A.pn l 12., 20 13, \'atton(d Po\f , Augu t 27, 20 13, .\'attonol Po.\ t, Oc tober 19, 20 I 3: Vat tonal Po \f. Scptetn bcr 10, 20 I 3) • They arc a1 o till ncgotwting land clat nl\ (\'altona/ Po,!, . cpten1bcr 23, 20 13) and finally, the .'Vatlonal Po\/ hardl y percCI\ e the regula tory procc ~a', ca y for con1pan1 e5 to nav1gatc, a it oftcntin1 e l ea d ~ to lengthy delay or project \vithdra\va l ( ~Vattonal Po\1, Apnl 12, 20 13: Nat tonal Po f) / , Jun e 19, 2013: lVattonal Post, Marc h 14, 20 13 ). Th1 lack of interest on th e part of indu try affiliate with the HOb olete" ignifier. Whereat, the territory appea r~ resource ri ch, many cond1tion , incl udin g tin1 e, arc not on th e 1de or In vestor , although the lYa!Tonal Post doc not n1ake a connection between th e devolution agrccn1ent and the regu latory procc . . When the new article do n1entJon devo lution, th e agrcernent ~ ~ 84 bene fi cial beca use tt artinn th e pO\\ er of th e tern tory to negottate '" 1th mdu c,tr y (, allonal Post. prtl 12.20 11 : Vallonal Po\1. p111 21 . 20 11. \allonal Po' t. Au g u~t 27.2011 . \at1onal Po.\1, Match 14, 20 11). t\ one artt clc qutps. " th ere 1 an t c tl c-~ t /ed gap between potent tal and execu tt on" ( \'at1onal Po 1. Apn I 12. 20 11) Cotnpat cd to th e n e\v~ pap e r ' n1en can nattona I cnse of cx hau tt on \\ tth helL the \ 'ot1onal Po'(" dcptctt on of tndu ~ tl) a a p a th e ti c ~ ~ ~ tmll ar 111 the ~e n se that they both 1111pl; that tec,o ut ce de\ elopnH!nt '" c., u11pl y too dt fficult in the north . Oil ,c..·, pdI Prepa1 c. cine. '' J\noth et co nn cc tt nn the \ allnnal Post n1akc~ to re~ou t <.e de\ c loptncn t in th e Beau f01 t ca regton 1 ~ oil pill ~ l:-\ en though indu c.,t ty n11ght not c., IH)\\ a~ much c nthu s 1 a~n1 for rcc.,ou rce <..k\ eloprncnt c.l the t crnt on~.tl g(n crnn1 ent h ope~. orga nt/ at t o n ~ ltkc th e Arctt c Counctl "1 at c prep a nng for o Ifc.,horc dnll ing and de\ 1~ 1ng tn ternat ion a I oi I ~pill rc~pon c,e protocob ( \ allonol Po,t. May 17. 20 13) I tnportantl y. an underlytng ac.,c.,u nlptt on of preparing for otl ~ ptlh 1 that. C\ entuall;, of I hore dnll!ng will occu r, c., unu ltaneouc., ly tnvoking the 1 gndi cr~ ''Tllri\ mg" and " Protec t De\ clop" Unlike the Arnen ca n natr ona! ne\\ c., article , though, ''Protect. Deve lop" I n1u ch le , d1 v1 I\ e when cxprec.,c,ed in the lVat1onal Po\1. One article explain hO\\ the Canadtan go' emn1ent ra1 ed th e n1min1un1 otl spillltabllity for con1pan ie drillmg offshore to I billi on. It h1 ghltght hoY\ "\\ hat to do and V\ 51 ho pays- In the event of a dtsa5tcr ha cn1ergcd a a rna.Jor 1 ue" (1Vat1ona/ Po.\ I, May I 7. The Arl-ltc Cou ncil " t the lead tng tntcrgo\ernmcntal forum promoting coopcralron. coon.Jtnation and mterallton among the Arlt tc stc.ltcs. Arlttc lndrgcnou\ communtttcs and other Arctrc rnh ab rtant s on l-Ommon Arcltc tssues. 111 partr cular on tsc:.ucs of sustamablc UC\ elopment ~md em tronmental protec tron tn the Arlttc (/\ret tc C ounctl Wcb~t t c. December 16, 2015) I he Council conc:, tsts of et.ght member -.,tales (Canada. DcnmMk. I mland. Ice land. Non\ ay. Russ ta. Sweden and the Unti ed tat e~). Sl\ l nd t gc n ou~ organt ;at tons that c:. tl as Perma nent Parttctpants. and Obc:,en er (non-Arcltc state-., or orga ntl,llton-.,) 85 20 11). noth cr artt clc argue ~., that .. an oil pdlt ~ e\C t)bOd) ·~.,\\Or t fear" ( ~Vafl nnal P o\ ! , Feb ruary I l' 20 13) I. \ c n th0 ugh 0 rr1., h0 Jc d r ilit ng -- , ~., tt 011 g Iy I n thc ~ tat c. 1., and nat i0 n ' 1., mtere t ... so n1 c locab arc lc , ~ Lll e" (\aflonal Po\t, I cb ru ary 11, 2011) fh c~.,c art 1 c l e~ tend not to dt c u ~ .. mdu ~., tl) ' ~.,pJII rc~., po n ~c preparcd ne" hut 111\ tedd ho\\ other tn~trtutton ~.,, !Jkc th e rcd cral go' crnn1 ent and th e Arcttc Council, ca n help The Globe and .\fail The Glohe and \fall '" a Canadia n dally nC\\ ~.,pa pe r d\ e1aging X9X.OOO t cade t ~., eac h " cckday and 1.09X.OOO 1eaclet~., each '' ecke ncL mclucltng both pr111t dnd onlin e pl a tfo JJn ~ (The Globe and f\~ail ~ l cdw Ciroup \\'d11.,1te. 2014 ). In 2011. Tlu Cdnhe and \lad publl ~ h cd cle\ en arttcJc~., rcfcrcnc111g rc'-lour cc de' clopn1cnt tn the Bcau fo tt ca 1Cf!J ... on I\~., n1cn t ioned in the pre' 1ou" cc tton. bccc.lU '-~C thc ~.,c art ILl e tended to be pub J J ~.,hcd 1n the A or B ~cL tt 011 1., 111 tead of olclv"' the bu 111C\'-I cct tOJL 111\.. anal\~ .. ~ ~ of The Globe and \lad and the Vauonal Po.\! arti c l e~., L prc~.,c ntcd ~.,cpa rate l y . Q, craiL The Glohe and le fad pt c~cnt rc ourcc de\ elop rncnt in the Beaufort Sea a~., of a co ntc1nporary i ~~ue and n1ore of an 11.,1.,ue for the future The nc\\ "paper fcl\ our~ the "Ob olcte" signifi er, but note hO\\. in a decade, the rcg1on ha potentldl to be "Thri\ 1ng, The G/ohe and ~fail c rnph a~ ize the role the reg1on can play in the flouri ()hing ltqueJicd nat ural ga~ (LNG) 1ndu try and the rece nt ~ h a l e otl di ~co \ cry ncar orn1an Well rat her than off< horc dnllin g or buildtng the Mackenzie Valley gas ptpeltnc. Although the n evv~ arti cle n1 ention forthcoming devclopn1cnt propo al , off: horc drilling st tll ~ccn1 decade~., dovvn the toad . The delay 111 developing the region, reso urce , according to The G/ohe and .o/fa!l. 1 rno~tly due to th e lengthy regulatory proces compant e n1ust na\ iga tc 111 order to recc1vc 86 pern11t. . The paper also u c HThc [ a~ t Frontier'' stgntli er by dep1 ctJ ng th e region as a p11 ~ tt nc vv ll dcrn c~~ JVe w Role.\ /(JI the Beaufort Sea Reg1on ftcr altn O~ t forty year~ of pr o~pcc tln g for eJlh cl a ga\ prpelme 01 olf\ hore dnJ JJng, the Bea u fort ca rcgion, accord 1ng to l he Gloh( and 1\ faiI. 1~ ~ht nmg cn1pha" \ to adapt to c hange~ rn th e cco non11C rnarket. l:\ cn \\Jlh an upco n11ng pr opo~a l from ln1pc1tal 0 11 , "[o rt\ horc] dn II ing 1~ at lea t ~c\ en ) ca r ~ off'" (The (,/ohe and \/(n/. ()ctoher 7, 20 11) '"I he 11 C\\ \ paper JC KI1 0\\ ledge\ that th e "' O J th\\ e\ t f erll lO IIC" is \\ Cd Jth y in I C~o urcc~. but .. rollO\\ tng decade~ () r 111gh hope~ and hi Ilcr d I~appo lllt Jll Cil L .. (Th e (ilohe and /\fad, Dcccrnbcr 1R. 20 11). the rcgron rcn1a~ k ~tt c h e\\ a n (/ntll !1\ f )nl/n , f- cbntar) 14. 20 l l. lnu\ lA Dnl/n. f eb rua r1 2 1. 20 l l ). and Cou rnoyea \ otced her dl \ la, tc lo r a Bill Jr~..:e npcacc-\ p on-.,on~d tt nt i-o lf \ hore ag1ec n1ent ~ t g n e d by Dene att otud Chr ef ra\nlU\ ·· ' \\ c do n' t need people li ke CJr ee npcttce and Btll E ra~ rnu~ ~ p ea kin g on our behalf. fh ctr \ taten1cnt" arc dt\ rc\pectful to us·" (!Jnn 1k f )nl/n , May 23, 20 11) When MGM Energy allO\\ ed one or tt~ o f f:~ h o r e 1Ice n ~e~ to ex ptre, " th e publtc reac tr on frorn peo ple here in Inu vrk \Va~ one of d 1"appotntn1ent" ( finn lA J)nl/n. Jun e I 3, 20 13) Wh en 1t co n1 e~ to resource developrnent. loca l pcrccptt on nldttcr beca u ~e local co n1 n1un 1 t l e~ are on the frontline of the development. T hey e'\pen cnce hoth tt uch a portraya l connec t be n efi t~ a~\\ ell a~ tt dra\\ bac k<:, trongly to the "Loca I tgn1fica nce" ~ J gnlfic r. ~ 1n11lar to e ~1 \ - lVorth and 111 contra t to th e ,VeH \ - Ah ner. the hnl\ lA Dnon t e n d~ to ~r ec tf y ' local ' not w1th re ference to all Beaufo rt-Delta res tdent bu t to re~ td e nt of elthcr Ak lav rk , Paul atuk , fnu vr k, or to munictpallcader, and Indigenou group l1 ke the Inu vialtut and the C:rw1ch' in. 100 , 1n!Jclpa!Jon /or the Tuf..torahruf.. I !Jgfn, ar noth er rccurn ng connection the f111n 1h f)nfln rnak c~ to 1e~out ce de\ e loptnent 1~ the co n ~tn1 c tJon of the Tuktoyak.tuk l11gh\\ ay q In tead of ~peaklllg only abou t rc~ource de\ eloprnent. the lnu\ 'lk Drum 111terpr et the Tukto) aktuk h1gh\\ay a~ bnng1ng nun1erou ~ benefit. to the tegion (11111) lk DnfiJJ, r ebruary 7, 2011, IJ7U\ 'Ih /)non, June 20, 20 13, fnlll 'IA Dnon, March 21, 20 13, hun lA /)non, May 3, 20 11) J he lnu\ tk Petroleurn . _ how even chcdul ed a ~e ton on th e Tukto;aktuk h1 gh\\CJ\t (lnu\'lh /)rum. March I '5, 2011) Moc; t art1c le ~ en1pha ~11e th e Inca l11cd ~H.h an tage" of the hH.?.h\\ a1, It ke chca pet good". rno rc job~ . and 11101 e tou11 "111 \\hen re"ourcc de\ cloprncn t 1" mentioned. at t1c lc" tend to end 'A 1th a taten1cnt about the htgh\\cl\ ·" "g nlfi c~.lnce for re...,ou rce de\clo pn1ent and "o\erergnty (!Jnn1A Dnfln. r ebrudl) 7, 2011, lnuvik /)rum, \1<.tr ch 2 1. 20 13), \\ hl ch JJ11pl1 e">lblc 111 the'' mter by dtl \ mg along the rro;cn MackcnliC Rr\ Cr Presently. the Dempster lltgh\\3) reache.., d\ f \\hat e ffc ch ca n th ee \anatton ~ ha\ e on t c ad e r~ ? Thts chapter begtn ~ by mtroductng the per, pectt' e~ o I Sl\. north ern J OU rna lt ~ t s \Vho <.11 <;c u ~~ed northern tn eclw' tclatton. htp' '' tth ~o uthc tn tn cd ta r hctt attttudc~ pn)\ 1dc p c t ~o nal co ntext hnktng th e new papct arttclc~ to actual people'' ho It\ e 111 th e north and heg111 to a n ~\VC J the rc~ca rc h quc,tton. " \\'hat ro Jc, 111 igh t ptm t 111ed ia pIa y 1n ' hap1ng pet cc pt1on ~ o I rc~o urcc de\ cloptnent 111 th e Bet1u fot t ~eel 1egion?" ~ext. tht\ chJpte r rctlll n~ to Bell the~ ( 19RX) and I lara\\ a1 ·~ (2000. 20 I0) theottc" tl tH.l dt,cu,,c, ho\v po\\ er dyna 1n1 c~ play a role 111 ~ hapm g the nC\\' L1lt i n1a tel). th 1" c h,t ptet pt on1pt' 1cadc" tn terc~ted in rc~o urc.c de\ clopmcnt 1n the north to think en t1ca ll; about '' httt they 1cad and \\ het c they read bcca u ~c even ~ ubt lc dtfTercnce ca n alter n1ean 1n .....g~ tudy tng nC\\ ~ p ape r'· portrayal~ of 1e~ourcc de\ e lopmcnt tn the Beaufort ea rcg1on make for 1nt cre~ ling con1pan ons. but inten te\\ tng_1ournalt t~ \\Orkmg 111 the north add~ more per pec ti ve. to tht i ~ u c. In total, I mtcn tC\\ed tx JOurnalt~t~ . Three JOu rn alt~ t ~ fron1 the Fa1rbank\ Dcn(r .~VeH ' r;;-1\ /in er partt ctpated tn an hour-long group tntcrv tew. The other other journalt t were interviewed tndtvidu ally 111 Yellowknife. t\vo fron1 Northcn1 Newc;; Services Ltd . and one from th e Canadw n Btoadcasting Corporation (CBC)."" The intcrvtc\v S' When I "opoke w1th CBC Ycl l owk n1 fe'~ ma nugmg cd1l01 O\eJ the phone. I a"oked to mtcr\ IC\\ a JOtunall "ot '' ho \Htlcs on line content Dunng the mtel\ le\>\. the IOurnall . . t c\plamcd to me that. m ~ c liO\\ km!c .11 lct~\1. C Bl JOurnall\h arc ta ~kcd w1th wntmg onl mc content a~ \'vei l a-, broadcastmg. 103 length, ranged fron1 tv. enty 111Inutc to an hour 0 f the "I x Journa It ~ t~ . fi \ e \vere 1nalc and one \\a~ fe n1a le. ( nc journah. t \\a s born 111 th e north \\ hll e th e othe1 ~ 1110\ ed to the not th fron1 outhcrn anada United tctte for \\ 01k fhroughout the tntcn tC\\ , on1e cotnn1on thcn1 c" cmct gcd. both broadl y conccrnm g the reiat ton. h 1p. bet\\ ee n th e n1cd ta and octety, and n1ore "pcc di call y 111 t ern1 ~ of ll1lllantlcs and dlf te rence. het\\ cen th e n1 ed1a '" 1c pre"c nt a t t o n ~ of re~o u 1 ce de\ clopn1cnt. The con1 1n on th en1 e a n~ a foli O\\ "· the n1 ed 1a play an tnd tt ec t 1o lc 1n c;oc 1ety. th e N orthvve<;t Tcrnton c · la1gc \bor1 g111al p pulat10n Influence" ne\\ 111 th e 1cg1on. and "outhern nc\\ "paper tend to cxaggct ate or \Cn\d tlona ll 1c no1thern '""uc". ren10\ 111g thetn fron1 the1r northern conte'\t The \/echo Plar on lndtrec I Roh 111 .)oc u:tr A con1n1on thcn1e m 1 tng fron1 the 1nter\ 1ew 1', that th e 1ned ta ' rolec; 111 c;oc 1ety a1c not . o d1rec t or clea r lv~'o ques t1 on 111 the Intcr\ IC\V Gu1de ',pec dica ll y probed mto thi " top1 c: "6 \\hat do you fcc I i th e rc lat1 on~hip bet~ ccn new', and "oc 1ety in a north ern con tcx t? Do you fee l that the n1edia play a role 111 ~h a pi ng northern 1dcnt1ty') In \vhat \\ay',., When a ked the c qu e tl on . JOUrnah t looked uncertain. For exa n1pl c. three JOu rnalt t re',pond ed identically \\llh, " I'm not urc how to an \vcr that one" (Jouma!J t I, Apnl 14,20 14: Lme 166: Journal1 st 2, Apnl 14,20 14: Lm e~ 20 1 -2~ Joum aii t 3, Apnl14, 20 14: Ltnes 2 17-1 8). whil e a fourth JOUrnalist took a long pau c to th1nk about th e qu es ti on but dtd not re':>pond (Journali st 6, Apnl 30, 201 4: Line 186-7). Apparentl y, these que li on do not 1nvo h c a sin1ple an swe r. "f• ~cc Appcnd1 x B fo r full Interview (Jtudc 104 As the in tcrvtc\v con ttnucd, though, thc"e unccrta 111 tiC'. '.OI11C\\ hat dt ~~ • pated Many in~tance~ aro~c 111 \\ ht ch JOurnall ~ t tn cntt oncd of 01and hO\\ the 11C\\ " conforn1c:, to tl'. aud1cncc Journalt'.t 5 e\.platn ed, "\\ c lun c to rely on our audtencc to gn e u tnatct ml " (Apt II 30,2014 Lme 95), and Journalt'.t 1 agreed . "C\CI)'Olle' lohbytn g fot thctl ptccc or our tun c" ( pnl 14. 20 14: l1t1e. I gs-6) \v hen cit c u c:,~ lll g ho'' the tn edJa represent Abott gtnal peoplec:,, Journalt ~ t 6 C\.platncd, " Idle \\ ay o i\.1ore reall y start ed to ~ hapc the tn edia bon gtnal peo ple arc percc t\ ed" (J ou1n alt '.t 6. nd change th e pnl 10, 2014: Lmc~ 277-79) Journ a ii ~ t 2 cotnn1 entcd, "I thtnk th e htggc" t ''a) that the tn edta pia\ a role 111 "haptn g not th ct n td cntrty 1 1r the northen1 tclent tl y. dl '.,lgt ec" '' 1th 1\0tncth ing in th e ne\\ "papct" (Jour na Iist 2. A pn I 14, 20 14: Ltne" 149-52). 1 he\ , H ,_ \fine?J t ece l\ e~ tnan) phone ca ll " and etnatl lt o n1t ca d e r ~ tf they d1~agrce ' ' 1th hO\\ the ne\\ "paper di'.Cl"'"'e" ttn ' ~" u c J 10 111 firc:, t glance, th e audtcnce hape the ne\\ ~ fh ejoun1al t. t abo potntcu lO\\ a rd ~ th e n e \\ ~ '-!ubtl y ~ hapm g th etr aud t e n ce~ Becau se or the large d 1 ~ ta nee bet wee n A Ia ~ka and contmen ta I UIll ted States, Journa It ~ t 2 dt ~c u ~c:,e d \vhy non-Ala\kan\. or contlll cntal An1cncan~. read the VeH \- \l1ner "A ia'. ka hc1 ~ that ... dra\\ to people, to read abou t \\hat' go tng on up here \Ve ort ofha\e a untquc 'in' for people out tde" (April 14. 20 14· Ltne" 84-6 ). In thi 1n ~ tance , the ,\eH .\- \ftner '-lhape\ the new for audt cncc \\ ho do not It' e in Ala"ka. Jou mal1 t 4 al o n1entton ed ho\v the rn ed ta hapc the audtence \\hen he explained, ''Aborigtn al people don't nece sa nly ltke to take a confrontati onal tance .... It ' kmd of fru tratin g for new paper peopl e becau~e \Ve ah.vays Idle 'o \1 orL ... cd,.., to •.~ ... ..,crt lndrgenou!::l rnhcrent n ghts to <.,O\crcrgnt y and rc rn~ trtute tradrtronalla \\S and Nat ron to Nati on lr cat res b} protcctmg the land.., and \\ atcrs from corporate dcstmctron .. (Idle o ~1 orc \\ cb . . rte, December 17. 2015) I he mo\ cment began 111 November 20 12 "\\hen a group or women m ask.atchc\\ an held the fit ~ t communrt) teachin about propo<.,Cd OllllllbLIS federa l Jegrs)atJOil I CillO\ mg protect ron of \\atet .... (1 he\\ omen]U\Cd the ha\htttg #rdlcnomore to help publrc11e the rssuc" (Cl3C Nc\\S, December 7, 201 4). 5 '"' Idle 1\o Mo re rs "one of the lar gc~t lndrgcnou.., 11M\~ mo,cmcnt... rn Canad~1 ~ 105 \\.ra nt people to be out ~ pokc n and conlbatl\c" (Journa li . t 4, Apt11 28, 2014. Ltncs 270 1). I let e, th e jOUrnalist hint at the e'd ~lcncc of a Jarget tncd ta cntct pn . c w1 th 1ts own no1n1s that do not n ecc~ an ly cotnc1dc \\ tth th e \ te\\ ~o f cc rtatn audtence~ Pro\ tdt ng another c'\a tnp lc o f the 111 ed Ja t ak 111 g an a c tt ' e ro Ie, Jo u 111 aIt t () n~ e t tcd h o'' .. [the te 1 111 ] • at1\ c ' I Jon ' t li ncl a d t ~re pcctfuL buttt' ~ the \\ay that it'~ been plnyed out 111 the medta that'~ tnad c tt dt re~p ec tful " (Journdltq 6. \p t tl 10. 20 14: [ mec:; 1 11-5) Lookmg at the ~e co n1n1 c nt ~ through d t. ulttu al ~ tud1 e len ~. 1t ~ee n1 ~ that the mcdia 't, rclatton htp~ to ~oc t e t) \\Otk multt-dtreLtlonally (Batthe~. 19XX, Boy koff, 2007: 1 ~ \an ~, 2002, F ur\l ch. 2002. Phe l<.t n. 2009) \\ he rca~ IOtuna lt ~ t~ ~ t II\ e to repot t \\hat th e 1r aud 1cn cc~ enJO). otnettn1e~ ce rtain 1n ~ tttut1 o n a l ot LUltlltalnonn O\e rpo\\ er th eJJ abdtty to ~a t1 ~ f y thctr audtcncc~ · C'\ pc c tati o n ~. rc~ulting in journalJ~h ddopttng a dlf fct ent approach and thu ~ haptng thc1r autltcncc" ~ J ournal1 ~t 2 '-dtd '-llCL inctly. " I'd t,ay it '~ hoth. It '~ gUid ed hy the peopl e \\ ho end u mforn1att on hut then \\ c ~.tl ~o Inn c to tnakc a chotec" (Apn I 14, 20 14: Lme ~ 208- l 0) Tht intnguing rclat1 on htp bct\\CCn ne\v~ and ~oc t et)' can bcgtn to expla1 n v.hy new paper tend to u ~e in1 tl ar tgn tfi e r~. bu t wi th ce rtai n adju'-.trncn t~- \\hen dt t,cus 1ng re ource dcvelopn1ent in th e Beaufort . ca rcgton : th ey ca ter to thffercnt a udt e n cc~ For the Nafl onal P ost. it tnake en~e for tt n ew~ artt cle to appea r m the F111anctal P o~ t ~cc tt o n tf their tnain audience intcrc~ tcd in the Beaufort ea region predotn1nantly co n ~ i t ~ of in\ e~to r~ and oil co n1panie . Likewi e, it ~ce n1 s logical that n1any of the /nu\'1/... Dnun \, ou rce~ arc local leaders and that the nevv paper takes a local lens if resident~ or the Bea ufort-Delta tnake up n1ost of its audience. On the one hand. that n e\v~ pap e rs cater to the1r audience h e lp ~ 106 e\.plain v. hy all the ne\Nspaper 111 th1 ~ tudy u"e both the "Ob~o l c tc" and "Thnving" 1 g ndi c r~. rea d e t ~ aero~ tate~ arc 1111pacted by otl and ga~ both Canada an d the Untted de\ elopn1er1t and they ~ec de\elo pment a a contcnll ou ~ ~~ u c rhcu optnJ o n ~ vary On the oth er hand, both the hun 1k /)non and \ ·e\1' Vorth hn\ e sttnllar aud1ences, re~ 1d c nt~ of th e orth \\ e t Tern tone Yet the lnu' 'IA /)non, th e only n ew~pap c r in this ~ tud y loca ted 111 the Beaufort , ea 1cg1on, shO\\ ~ 1nu"t l c~~ e\cJtctn cnt for 1csour cc dcvelopn1cnt than .VeH·., ,\ orth A It hou gh both ne'' ~ pape r e 1nph a~ 1 /e " I ocal , 1gn ifi ca nee," Ve\\ '\ North tend · to CJte ten 1tonal pol1t1 c t a n ~ \\ hd e the lnu\ 1f... /)non t e nd ~ to c1te llllii11 C1pal poiJti cw n ~ and Tnd 1ge nou\ g ro up ~ Perhap~ the te1r1 to11a I g<)\ ern 1nen t '~ e'\CJ tetnent O\ er d de\ olu tton agrcc rnent. cou pled \Vi th the recent \ hale oil d1~CO\ cry in the ahtu reg1on, h a~ th e tern ton al go\ ern n1 cnt qutlc opt t1111 t1e. \Vh 1ch then spr ca d ~ through th eu inten 1cw~ publ1 ~ h c d 111 ne\\ paper . An oth er int c rc~ t1n g quc~t1on to a~ k . gtve n th e north ern n evv~ p a p c r~' 'lt rong a~~e rt1 o n of "Loca I 1gn dicancc," 1~ "het e the not1 on o I th e Beaufort rcg1on a~ an unpopu Ia ted, har<:> h v, lldcrne • . too fragile to dcc 1dc for 1t ~clf dcri\ c~ fron1 ( L e "The La~t Fronti er")? Ate na tiona I OC\\ ~ pap er ~ ~ n1pl 1 ~ ync hrontnng \\·ith th c1r ' ou thern' aud tence~. \\ ho ha' e ne\ er \ t ~·dte d the Arcttc, or arc thc ~e OC\\ pape r~ dL tnbutmg uch an in1age') According to th e jou rnali~ t , the rc~po n c to thc"c pre\ IOU que~ tt on arc In1po~~ t b l c to detcn111ne for certain. The nev. can hape the aud1 ence a n1uch a~ the audtcncc can shape the n ew~. Northern Journalis1n and the NorthH ·est Terntorie\' ·Lorge lndigenou\· Population Another then1e that th e three Canadian journali ts hi ghli ghted a a key co n1ponent of th etr wo rk i ~ the influence of the No rlhw c~ t Tcrritori c"' large Indi gc nou ~ populat ion, \\ htch 107 con ~ t1tute. roughly 50° o in th e ten 1tory a (Govern tnent 0 r th e a \vhole and R0° o tn the Beaufort-Delta region orth\\ e~t Ten I ton e<;, Bureau of ta ti ~ ti cs, 20 14) When introducing th e va nous 11C\\ spa per. pubh ~ h ecl by ortb crn ev. ~ . ervice. , Journa h. t 4 ( Apn I 28, 20 14) pro\ 1ded n1u ch de tad about hO\\ thc1r aud 1encc \ ane depcnd1ng on th e newspaper. YcliO\\ k.n1 fe [1~] pretty rnu ch a outhcrn c1ty a I' 111 ~ urc 1 ou· \ e ob en cd Ouh1dc or YellO\\kndc 1t's ltke go mg to anoth ct place. And\\ tth :Vel\'\ Vorth v.e try to a1111 to that n1arkct - o \\ e CO \ er a II tho ~c th mg~ ou h td e of Ye liO\\ knt fc for that tnarket out there. \Vh1 ch 1" large!), probably ) 0-50 Dene l\1 etl\, and the othc t 50 \\Ottld be non Abor 1gmal .... [The n e\\~:.,pa p c t ] r C!IIoHAnl/er 11:., rea lly d1rected tO\\ a rd~ Yello\\kntfc (lmc<; 7 14-25) ~ 1n th 1\ quote. th e }c1/owknl/< r ,, Cc.ll ~ t ~ lee... c.., to an Ind tgc nou a ud 1cncc than Jl C\\ ~ paper " l1 ke VeH'\ \ 'orth ot the lnuvtA /)Jion hccau~e Ycli O\\ knllc hdc.. a large population of non - lnd1 gc nou peopl e Journa II c.., t 6 agt ccd the.~ l " proha b Iy X0° o of out <;, tori ec... arc 1\ bongma I ~ tone~ . Because th ~ re'" It k ~' 70(Yo A hon glna I pcop le here rIll th e 0 1thwec...t r erri ton es]" ( ·\pnl 30. 20 14 L1n c" 633-6) \\h en c.tc.., kcd ''h) "he\\ 0 1k" 10 jou rnalt \ 111, Jotn nal1st () • te~ponded , "bac...tcally tt 'c.., to he able to be tcllmg c..,ton c that re prc~e nt Jnd igenou\ people 111 an accurate and fatr ' 'a)" (A pnl 30. 20 14: [ me\ 6 X) pec tfi ca ll y bccau~c o f thc tr aud1ence. n1edia outl et. 111 the orth\\ cc.., t Tern tone try to adapt their ~ to ti e~ to th e reg ton '$ large Jndigcnou populatton. Addin g ~o n1 e co n1plcx1ty, JOUrnali"t\ 111 the territory h1 ghlt ght how appealmg to an Indi genou audil:ncc reprc~c nt s a challenge fo r n1cd1a outlet . For exa n1plc, Journal1"t 6 n1aintained that "[it] can be challengi ng a\ d reporter [beca u e] th e land-ba ed \ tori c~ arc often considered fluff. and you arc of course trying to keep up\\ tth reporting in the btg SK I d1d not con ~ 1dcr Yel!oHiwt[cr for th1 ~ ~tudy bccau~e the paper doc.., not lO\Cr the lkaufort Sctl reg1nn d'> much a' \reH \ \m 1h { \\ lm . h 1~ a tettJtonal -\\ 1dc ne\\ .., papc1) or the /mn tk [), wn Alth ough the \ e~1, \lmu ,.. , located 111 f·a •rbank.., and not the Beaufort Sen reg1on. 1ts JOurnalists n onct h cle..,~ reel the nC\\ ~paper tak e.., a Jcg10nal focu s " We try to have a ... talC\\ 1dc reach. not m ou r tb ~ tnbut1 o n but Ill ..,ome of the thm g~ \\e c.O\cr'' (.lourna!J..,t I. Apr II 14, 20 1-l L1nc.., 2X2-1) 108 ctlt c "(April 10, 20 J 4 Lu1C') 79-R I) Jou t nalt .. t 4 alluded to a "1n1tlar d t ~co nn ec t bel\\een the tnedta and lnd tgcnou group\ " otnetin1 es. especia lly 111 utHl\Ul, you'll find floca l] reportets arc, sort of, we ll , · ~e're not ltke that here.' Or, 'we don't talk ltke that hete' .... . on1e ttn1e that '" a ploy to "hut reporter up and "hut dtn\ n the new." (1\pn l 2X, 20 14· Lines 509-12) J ournalt ~ t " noted hov~ Indtgcnou" readet" tend to dt"ltke en"at t nalt"nl " I know there \\ere t11ne" \\hen \\ e hen e tn ed to be tn ore ~c n ~a t tonalt \ tt c and \\ e get beat up fot tt" ( pnl10, 20 14 Lin e~ 76-R) I \en n1ore tell ing. Jou n1a lt "t 6 \\O tt ted. " I don ' t tcall y \vant to explott people nd be ltke. "(} rea t, you'tc a re~tclenttal \c hool "ur vtvo r Can you talk to n1 e rn r t\\enty n1tnutc ttnd ba\\ I you r c;e" out and p o~~ tbl y be re-traumatl/ed, and th en l'rn go tng to u c tl11rt) ~cco nd "·r ... ( pr tl 10, 20 14 241-7) \ ccordtn g to journalt"h tn th e orth\\ e"t Tern t o n e~. the mcdta ·~ tn ~t t tutiona l nonn do not ncce~~at ily ~ h O\\ "e n ~ tll\ tty tO\\ ard ~ northern lndt genou~ g r oup~ rron1 a larger lens, that Indt gc nou" group" tn th e a~ a colontaltn"tttutt on reaffi nn • lli gg tn ~ and Alw ' orth \\CS t Ten tton cs sec th e news ( 1999) re~carch compann g how Canadtan local and nat tonal ll C\\ spa per~ dt"cu~ Abori gi nal t ~ uc~. They conc lude that pnnt rned1a " perpetuate coloni al thtnking" (Iligg tn & Alia, 1999: I '58). Although the journu]J<;t~ interv tewed in thi .. tudy n1ake a concerted effort to crvc Indi ge nous audi ence"\, they notice how the n1 ed ta' in tttuti onal nonn ca n off~e t tht endeavor. Cu riou~ly, n1 o~ t of the lttcraturc sugge ts that the n1cdia can cn1po\vcr Jndt genou groups (Dal ey & Jan1 e , 2004~ Evans, 2002~ Roth , 2005: Wachow1ch & , cobie, 20 I 0). IIt ggu1 ~ & Alia ( 1999) looked at northern new<;; papers "erv tng both Indigcnous and non-1nd1 ge n o u ~ audt cncc", though, \\ luch ts sitnilar to thi rc ea rch, whereas Daley and Jam e (2004), [,an (2004), and \Vac hO\\ ich 109 and , cobte (20 I 0) focu. ed on n1edta rooted 'Wtthtn lnd1 genou s con1n1untttcs. In th1 sense, 1t appear, that n1cdta . tcn1n1ing fn.1n1 I ndt gc n o u ~ co mn1unttt c ca n ·rccodc' (J Jara\vay, 20 I 0) the colon tal tructurc of n1amstremn n1cdta and cnlpO\\'Ct con1n1unttt c, , ~hereas rccocbng po~c~ a n1 ore dtfli cult challenge to O\etco nle \\ hen c1 ne-w\papet focu\cs on both I ndt gc nou ~ and non-Indtgenou. audten cc . In tht ~ \ tudy , both the hun·1k 1 non and IVe\\'s/iVorth co n\ tstcntl y tnten te\\ loca l Indt gcnou" group" and VeH' \'orth regularly publt ~ h cs edt to nal ~ by Cece llodg\on-\1cCaulc]. c1n Ind tgcnou~ actt\ t\ l ba ~cd tn onna n \Velb. Mallltatnmg the u ual u ct.... reputatt on". and n o rn1 ~ of th e n1cdta. \\ htl c at the \a tn e t11n e enab ltng lndt ge nou\ aud tcncc" to recode thc\c \t tuctut C\. tndt k tt di Ifi cu lt pcndulutn for )Ournalt \ tc:, to balance s the) C\.platned. fu lfi IIi ng the need~ o I ~UL h a d 1\ ct e north ct n aud tcnce ~ ~ a co mpl ex and challcn gmg ta k One tnlporta nt a peel to note t\ that tht~ re\carch looked only at ncv.- c:, artt c.. le that di cu rct...ourcc de\ cloptncnt Alt hough VeH' ,\ 'orth and the lnu' 1A /)non tn cludc lndt gen o u ~ pcr"'peclt \ e . one \\ ould ha \ e to read the nC\\ pa pe r~ m tht s toptc Also. the pre\ lOU\ cctton related only to the orth\\ c~ t 'I ern tone an d not to • Alaska. ru II to rca ll y ~ay n1orc on !though Ala\ka '" Beaulo rt ea regio n abo mcludc In d1genou~ tradition al tern tory. that of the Gwtch'tn and the Inuptat, th e Ala~kan JOumal t ~ t dtd not n1cntt on \\hether Ala ka, Indigcnou. populatton affect~ JOUrn alt n1 111 the state Ala~ka ·~ populatt on i only 14.7~1o Indi ge nous (U Cen ll Bureau, 20 13) C0111parcd \\I th 0\ cr 50°/o in th e TortlnVC">t Territori ec:,. In their study or Ala ka attve-run nc\V paper . all of \v htch arc nov. clo cd, Daley and Jarne ~ note how the n1 a1nstrea rn urban pre<; perpetually "[repre cnt~] the country and the ~.i late of Ala~ka rnonoc ulturall y'' (2004: 85 ). Accordin g to thi ~ \ ic\\. the Vc d three po"~ib l e ca u e for the d1"crcpan ctc bet\\ ecn ho\\.' northern and ~o uth ern n1cd ia portray th e north . Fir tly. the large di tance separating northern anada and Ala. . ka rrotn outh ern Canada and continental United States certatnl y contnbute'-, to vary tng tntcrprctatJ on . For cxatnple. Journall<.,t 1 noted ho'N tht 1s "probably on1c tl11ng that JUSt conlC':, with dt tancc ... th e rnorc you arc rcmo\ ed fron1 '-,Ol11ethtng, the n1orc 1t gch n1inin111ed" (Apnl 14,2014 Lin e~ 695-701) econdl y, Journall '-tt 6 tncn tioncd hO\\ the lack of Indi ge nous voices in so uth ern media ca n play a rol e in why i s~ uc arc portr aycd 114 dt fferently 111 the . outh . "'a lot of th e ~ t o n e" I \ e ~ec n r1n "outhern ll C\\ " ] don , t get mto a n1ueh o f th e lnd1 genou. pcr. pectt ve" a th ey can. because [they] don' t hpeL 1fica ll y dbout rc..,ou rce tiL' dopmc nt. the Jou rn ull">h mJdc 11 , Cl) clear that tlw; occu rs not onl y w1th rcsou1ce de\ clopml!nt bu t also \\ tl h ISSlll!"> ">uch a-, health c ~ t gn ift ca nt di tancc fron1 \Va~h ington 0 C and cv. York Ct ty could pcrpctua tc the re-contcx tual L~ m g of new s ston es. Intercstlllgl y, although the Nev..'s'flner portray the north \\ 1th tnore neutral tone , it portrays fara\vay. 'out~ tdc r· m \l ttutt on~ quite nega tt ve ly, with u picion. One obvious in tance of journalists who "don't know, and [they get] things \\rong" (J ou rn all~t 6, Apn1 30, 20 14: 283-5), aro e 111 a Vational Po.\ ! ctbton aL \\ here the !Ournalt~t, cxc ttcd for the Northwc t Tcrritoric<:,' wea lthy pro pcct~. cxplamcd ho\\ "mfra'\tructurc 117 already C\1 L too. Tuktoyaktuk ha a dccp-\\atcr pot t for c'\ploratton and h1pp1n g'' ( aflonal Post, , cptctnbcr 2 1, 20 I 3). Actuall y, Tuktoyaktuk docs not yet have a deep-water " a VeH \ \ orth cdtt011al \\ nttcn ca1 Iter tn the year port ugge ~ t ed, " \vc could budd a dee p ca port 111 Tuk" ( \ 'e\1.\ Vo rtll, March 4, 2011, e n1pha " 1 ~ added). A 1nonth later and wJthout publtcly adn1ttt1n g the error. the \ at1ona/ J>o\ t correc ted. " there'"' already a ~eapo rt in nearby Tuk that could be built tnto a n1a1or ~ htpptng potnt" ( Vo t1onal P o.\ I , ()ctober 19, 201 3, cn1pha"' t~ added) Th 1~ "'na II Cit or n1a1 <;,eetn m co n ~eq ucntia I. but lor north et n Journa lt ~ h \\ ho I egul arJ y latnent dbout th e IegtOll '" lac k of tnfi ll'-, lJ ucturc, lht '-, Ove rstght \\ ou)d feel C'\tretn cly- fru tl al 111 l.!,. '-' Alth ough nat1 onal and IHHlhern n e\\~ pa pe r~· po1tr aya l of te"'ouree dc\ elopn1cnt rn th e Beaufo rt ca rel.!. ton \a n.. . b\., and l an.~e the va n a tt o n ~ arc subtl e and l e"'~ ~t rtd e nt th an ........ ~ \\h at the ltterature dnd th e n o t thcrnjou rn alt~h de cnhed. fht th e~ ' "' n1 arks onl y a c;; n1a ll tudy or I 06 ne'' ~ arlt c le publt"hed 1n 20 l l. d1 c u ~"' m g exclusl\ ely reso urce de' clopn1ent in the Bea u rori ea 1cg J J o urn a lt ~ l~ 4 and 5 u ~e d the tern1 ~ · orth- ' out h.' but not m 1 olatt on O fte nt i n1 c~. they u ~cd · U - Then1 ' tn ~ tea d of • • orth- outh.' In one tn<;tancc. J ou n1a !J ~ t 4 n1entt oncd, '\,\ e \.\ould d t ~cou ragc [coope1at ton with nati onal n1cdia ] beca u ~e we don' t ca re about th(He guys" (Journal1 t 4, Apnl 28. 20 14: Line · 7 13-4 , n1 y en1pha 1 ). Journali t 5 1n\ oked a ~ 1111tl ar charactcr11ati on \\hen ~ ta tt ng, "' thev focu on th e negative a lot rnorc than we would .... The~· ' re a IJttle bit n1 orc outlantltsh" (Journalt t 5, Apnl 30, 20 14 Lme 168, n1y en1pha • ~). Although netth er J ou rn a lt ~ t 4 nor 5 bui It d ichotomi e l1 ke ·Inside-Out ide' or · Northvves t Te rri ton es-Other,, di ITercnttatiJl g bet\veen ·Us' and · Thctn' nonethelcs create a dt\ 1ston and hO\\ ~ ncgatt \ 1ty to\vard southern anadtan n1edia. Residents of th e No rthwes t Territories tni ght not reel ~u c h a 121 ~trong, unified, proud 1dcnt1ty a Ala~kan~ do. but the} arc till b1tter tO\var d~.:, ~outherners \! 1th a de\ ol uti on agree ment 1gned, northern ne\\ ~pape r cc rtatn ly ~een1 opt11nr ~ t tc about th e tern tory'~ ru ture, o pcrhap. no\v that the tern tory ha~ control of 1L na tUt a I resources a . tronger ~ en 5 e of rd ent1ty \\ill en1 ergc Workrn g for CBC, Journal1"t 6 occa~ Jonall y U'-;ed the tcnn s ' up here' and •utnvn ~out h.' but ~ h e n1o ~tl\"' re fcrred to · 1a1n ~ tr ca rn - on i\1 a 1111)trearn ' tn~ tead or · U~-Then1 .' For e\.atnple. ~ h e c.1ffirn1ed ... l1kc I ~a 1d bef ore, CBC t ~ co n 1dered rea ll y dlf'fcrcnt And I thmk I try to take a d1rf etcnt appt oac h th an n Hun ~ tr ettJn n1ed1a But lt hmk CKL 13(! 0 \\Ill te ll you that they' re \ er") difre rent . the] ' te huge lo1 Jnd1 ge n o u ~ people up here" (Journalt ~ t 6, Aprll 30, 2014: L1n e~ 661-7 1) In th1 ~ qu ote. ~ h e C '\pl a 1n ~ hO\\ lnd1 genous peo ple ~ till petce i\C CBC orth a ~ n1 a tn ~ trca n1 co n1parcd to an lncl1 ge n o u ~ rad1 o tati on ltke CKI B P c rhap ~ ~h e w;,ed th1 ~ dtfTerentJatJ on bcca u ~e her pu1p o~e a~ ajo urnall ~ t .. , ~ t o be abl e to te lllnd1 ge n o u ~ ~ to n e~) fron1 a per"pec tt\ e that 1 unltk.ely in the n1a tn"trea m n1 edta .. (J o urn a lt ~ t 6, Apr II 10, 20 J 4 · Ln1 e~ I - - 17) \\'orktn g \\ tth111 the CBC. ~ h e ai m ~ to Introduce n o n - n1 a m ~ t1 cam pc r~ pec. tJ ve~ and pre cnt ~ t o n e~ fron1 Indt ge n o u ~ p o 111 t~ of\ Je\\ . Throughout the e exa n1pl c<;, we sec how journ ali t , own ex p e ri e n ce~ and epi tcn1ologie5 hape the language th at th ey u ~c to d1 tingui h bet\\ ~e n ·north ern ' and · outhen1 ' med1 a. In turn. thi 1nflu e n ce~ the \A. aye; tn \Vh1 ch jo urn a ll c; t~ perc en e nc\\ ~~ to n e and the ways 111 \Nh1 ch they con1n1un1 ca tc th e~c ne\\ ton e . Ala kan J O urn a ll ~h fee l a ~ tro n g tate ident1ty that ~ ~c l ea rly apparent in th e .VeH \- )~finer's articles Although j Ou rn a lJ ~ h 111 the Northwest Terntori es indeed feel a di v1dc between localtned1 a and ~o uth c rn mcdw. th c~e C.: Kt B wao:., an JmJJgcnou() rad1o ~ tat1 o n hased 111 Yellowkn1 fe at 101 9FM closed due to lack ol fu ndmg (CK L l3 Rad1o Web~ J ll.!, November 11. 2014). ClO 1nce th1 s JlllL'J\ Je\\,lhe sl.tt JO n 122 f1u~tratton~ appear n1ore diluted 111 ,\ eH \ Vo1 th and the /nu\ 'lk Drum than 111 the ~Veu·,, - ll,flner. Both ternto1tal nc\\ paper~ ~ tron gl y c n1pha~ I/C th e 1111portance of loca l pc r~pec tt vc~, but not a. a unified tern tot wl ' otce c la ~hmg aga 111 ~t a natt onal \Ot ce. In (\tead, local per~pcct1v e. include lndt ge nou group., n1unt crpal l eader~. and resident ', each fro n1 arious con1 n1un1ti es. A~ to \\ hethet the tern1~ • otth Sou th ' C\ en co ns lt tute a va I td cha ractetl/a lt on 111 th e n1cd ta. or '' hcth c1 they unpl} cqu c.ltc to h 111 a 11 C~ It kc · Rur al-U rban' or · a t1ona 1-I oca L, Ken Coate~ " li }.!J~C"h It I ~ " ren10lCI1C'-, ~ "-' ~ . rathet lhtlll '\orthcrnnc<.,c., that I ~ th e rundoc 1cty ~ ~ tnultt - f~l cc tcd , th ough, and n1an y fa ctor<, cont 11bute to ho\\ a 1ourna!J t or a nc\\ ~ pap e r pt c~c n l<, an 1<,<,uc Wh ether through a J O un ulll '-. t' ~ O \\ n e\pcri enccs, th e n1cdt a outl et'"\ 1e\.\ pomt, Jt<, locatt on, or the type of new<, artt clc (r c cdtton al or n C\\ ~ ptcce). th e journ ey an artt cle ta k e~ fron1 ~ ta rt to fini <, h 1 ~ th e rC'-.Uit o f 111 <1 11 ) '-.Ch of rela t iO n '-. hlp ~. to th e po111t \\ here gc n e ra l l/a ti O il ~ ~ce rn in1p 0~~ 1bl e Bct\\ Cen t ht ~ contra'-. t ofu nt \Cr'-.dlt ~ n1 and rclatl\l <, tn,journ alt <, t ~ till <,upportcd the not1 on that ' northern ' n1ed1 a c\.l11b1t unt que q u a l1t1 c~ Wh ether they agree 'A 1th the label • ' north ern ' or prefer anoth er lahcl!Ikc ' local' or ' rural' or 'non-n1 amstt can1,' JO urn a lt ~ t~ had n1uc h to d 1. c u ~s WIth regard to d1 ffe re n ce~ and ~ itn Ilarit1 e between ·northern ' and · outhern' rncdia. Con ~c i o u ly or not. 'A'hen th ey ~ u gge ted that all n1cdt a o utl e t ~ operate in1llarly, or that eac h n1edw outl et operate<, dtlTerenll y, they rcaffi rn1ed th at th c~e co n1pl e xtt1 e~ n1atter. More rc ~ carch • ~ needed tnto \\hat the rned1 a 1nean' fo r northern co n1n1untt1 e~ and how the e vary ing percept tons of retnotcnc "· ruraL ouhtd et ~. and north ern ness 111 tern11ngle and interrelate. Pet haps northern er in general feel ~ tm ilar 126 fru strati ons lO\Va rd~ . o uthcrn e r~ Ir tl11 s IS th e ca~c, th en what roles do th e med ia play 111 perpetuatin g th c~e tdcas? 127 Chapter .. J'\ Add1ng Context , tgnlf1 e r~, KnO\\ ledge"_} and Po\:v er Overview The t\\O p1 e\1 0u c hapter~ clJ ~c u ~o.,~o.,ed th e \\ay~o., 111 wh1ch ne\\ paper ~o., portray rc. ourcc de\ clopment 111 th e Bea ufort ._ ca tcg1on and hoY\ th1 s relate to the perspecti ves of northern J Ournnlt~o., t~o., Thc<,e chapter<; al ~o e~pl o 1 eel hO\\ t cacler 1111ght pereci\ c subtl e cldTe ren cc~ 111 e mpha ~ t ~o., ne\\ ~o., pa pc r n11 ght agree on th e 11npo rt ~1n ce of rc ource de\ eloptnent but th ey tend to pron1 ote din eren t ac tor<;, 0 1 orga n11tl t io n ~o., d'-t key pia) e r~ Th 1" chapter co nn ect'-. th e dt \CU\\ tOn to I,Hgc t thenle\ ltke kn O\\ kJgc ,tnd po\\ er b} firq pro\ 1d111g an overv tew of th e rnatn e '\pe rt ~ ctted tn eac h tl C\\ "'Ptlpcr (1 c tt n<.,\\ cttng th e 1c carch que<., tl on " What type<., of kn O\\ ledge ate Cited a" ~OtJrCC\ ol C\pc t t1 ~o.,e") and th en by rc111troducmg th e cultural ~ tudt c~ approac hc"' dr a\\lng on llara\\a) (2000, 2010) and Barthc<., ( 19X8) Jn do1ng thl <.,, I <., hed light On the l a~o., t re\Carch que"liOlL " \\h at l) pe~o., of kilO\\ ledge arc tl enccd''" Know/edges and ExperliH! In order to rc la tc the ll C\\ ~o.,papc t "" to broad co n ce pt~., lt ke kn O\\ ledge and povve r, th t<., ec tt on dt. cu. se the ourcc refe renced 111 eac h nc\vspaper The ai n1 1 to co n ~ 1d e r wheth er a new. paper co n istently cite ~ in1 1l ar so urce<., of ex perti e, what th is co uld n1 ca n in relatt on to the kn ovv ledge the nevv paper \ alue~. and \\ hethcr th i affect the variou \vay\ 1t pre~o.,e nt and tntcrprct rc ource de\ elopn1cnt. I ~cJ nn ed each nc\\ article fo r th e people or organ1tat1 on quoted, a well a~ fo r ~pcc lfic doc un1cnt or report ctted. Add ing \Orne \cry basic ~ tati ~ti cs (percentage ) to th1" t e~o.,ean. h enhances th e analy i" Cotnpanng the rc~o.,u lt..., m thi s ecti on to th e interview and th e d 1 ~co ur'\C analys1 helps to reinfo rce the rc<., earch findin gs. 128 Table 6.1 Sources Cited 111 2013 N ew spap er s NEWS INUVIK NEWS- NATIONAL THE GLOBE AMERICAN MINER DRUM NORTH POST AND MAIL NATIONAL 0 1I/Gas Company 3 3 3 18 7 24 Investor/Consulta nt/Thmk Tank 2 0 0 p; 3 3 Academic 1 0 6 0 4 1 State/Terntonal Department or InstitUtion 7 2 2 1 1 3 State/Terntonal Polit1c1an 2 3 14 9 3 1 Federal Department or InstitutiOn 7 4 6 5 5 15 Federal Poht1C1an 8 0 4 2 0 1 MumCJpal Leader/Organ1zat1on 0 11 12 2 2 0 Environmental Group 2 0 4 ( 1 17 Res1dent 0 2 4 0 0 0 lnd1genous Leader/Group 0 7 10 ll 0 0 Co -Management Board 0 1 4 0 1 2 Ed1tonal 4 2 7 1 1 0 In f ras tru cture/T ra ns port a t10 n 0 1 2 2 1 0 TOTAL SOURCES 36 36 78 61 29 67 TOTAL NEWS ARTICLES 9 19 36 14 10 17 Not all news paper() cited the ~'ltne type~ of ource . The ~even new~papers referenced a total of fourteen different type of~ource~. a~ \h0\\11 111 Table 6. 1. In the Fa1rhank ~ Dculv ~ . News-Miner' nine ne\v art1c le referencmg re~ource developn1ent in the Beaufort ca 111 20 13, th e newspaper cited ~ourcc on 36 occa~tons. The /nuvlk /)non published 19 ne\v~ articles ctting 36 ~o urce . ~VeH \ ~Vorth publl~hed 36 ne\\ ~ arttcle~ ctttng 7X ~ourcc~. the National Post publt~hed fourteen articles ci tin g 61 ()OUrces, The Globe and ~fall publ1"'hcd 129 ten art1clcs Citing 29 ~ource". and finall y. th e Atn en can nat tonal ne~~paper~ pub]J c., hed cu nnllatl\ cly C\enteen ne\\ . art1 clc"' ci tmg 67 ~ourc e\ In tead ofm cludmg ~pec tfi c name~ o f peopl e 1efet enced. I ~orted th e \Ource~ 1nto ca tegone~. For exan1ple, GN WT M1n1 ~tcr Da v1d Ra m ~ay faIL under " tate' Tet n ton a I Pol1t1 c tan." hell Od 's spoke~ people and 1ts COf110rate lnanagcr fel l under " Otl Cia \ Co tnpany," \\ htle the Ala~ka Departnlent or I· 11 \ 1ron1n cn ta I C onc.,erva t1 on \\a catego tl /ed a" " tate Tern ton al Departtnent In\ ltt u tion " Go\ cn1n1cnt d ep<.trtn1 ent~ tn"tttut1on"' dtH.l go\c rnm cnt polltl cJanc;., \vere kept "teptuatc 111 order to dctcrn11nc \\hcther llC\\ paper\ plcfcllcd to po1tt a; gcne n1n1en tc., 111 tcn11c;., o f elec ted rcpre~entat 1\ e\ or 1n teJJn o f ern plo; ce" of dcpartrnent c., ( 1.e. publ1c c.,er an h) or other go\ et ntn cnt 111'-t lltlltl onc;., Th 1 ~ \yc;.,tcm of c;.,o rt111g 1nto ca tegon e avo H.ls fH.e\entm g a long IJ ~ t or rnany dtfTc rent n a n1e~ and t1tl c" and al\o all ow\ fo r better con1pari so n between A1nencan and Canacllan ne\\ "tp<.tpc rc;., b; group mg \ta te and tern ton al o urce~ toge th er. 'E \j)( rf · 5)ourc e~ Regard mg co n1n1on ource"t, C\ cry nC\\. \pape r in th1~ rec.,earch 1nc luded the foll ow mg • oi l and ga~ con1pan 1e. , tate terntorial dcpartrncnt~, state/territori al polltJcran s, and federa l departm ents. Interestingly. the national newspapers all referenced od and gac., con1pan1 es mos t often 111 thetr ne\v artic lec;;, but the three local newspaper focu\cd on dtfTerent c.,ou rce~ ( ee Table 6 2). The !J7ln ik Dn1111 quoted mot.,tly 111lll11C1palleader~ organl/at ton\. the \elt \'J1n7 er quoted nlO\tly federal poiJtJcJanc;.,, <.tnd .Veu \ ~Vorrh quoted 1110 tly tcrntonJI polttJctan In th e case of the ,Vel1 \'- \!tner. it 1 1111portan t to note that 1110 t of the federa l polJtlcta nc;., tl quoted rcpre5ent Alaska m Congresc;;. R1 ght fron1 the tart, tnking dtfTercncc~ ar t ~c bel\\ ccn who newspape rs portray as 'experts' on rcc.;ource developtnent in th e region. 130 Table 6 .2 M ost - and Least - Common So urces en N ew spape r s Re f e r e n ci ng Resource De v e lo pm e nt in the Beaufort Se a, 2013 NEWS-M IN ER INUVIK DRUM NEWS/ NORTH NATIONAL THE GLOBE AMERICAN POST AND MAIL NATIONAL 011/Gas Company (24) Tw o M ost r:ede ral Polit ician M un1c1 pa l Le ad er/ Stat e/Tern t o n al 011/Gas Co mmo n (8 ) O rga n1 zat ion ( 11 ) Poli t iCi an (14) Co mpany (18) 01 1/Ga s Co mpany (7) 22% 31% 18% 30% 24% 36% fede ral lnd1genous M un1c1pal Investo r/ Fede ral [ nv1ronm ental Depart men t (7) Lead er/G roup (7) Lea der/ Organ 1zat 1on( 12) Co nsult an t/ DepartmPnt Gro up (1 7) Th1nk tan k (5) Sources ( 15 ) 19% 19% 15°~ 25% 211% 17% Aca d em1c (0) Federal M u n1c1pal LeadP r/ PollliC.Idll (0) Organ1zat 1on (O) Rr>siden t (0) Resid en l (0) Resident (0) St at e Depa rt ment (7) 19% Tw o Least Res1dent (0) Investor/ Invest or/ Common Consultant/ Consultant/ Sources Thmk Tan. (0) Thm k Tan ~ (0) Ac.Jdemlc (0) SI ort / Transport / Infrastructure (0) Infra structure (0) Nc\\' ~ p a p e rl\ a l ~o ~ h o \v noti ceabl e dtffcrence wtth regards to who th ey cilcd l ca~ t oft en. Wherea eac h n e w ~pa pc r obv t o u ~ l y leaned tovvard one or tv. o preferred ~o urces . ~~ o f e\ en ne\\ ~pa pe r"' on11tted at lea t three ~o urce altogeth er, "'o urce that other nC\\ ~ pap e r"' tncluded ( cc Table 6. 1). Ne\1 .\ INo rth is the onl y newspaper to lllcl ude ~o urce fron1 all categon e<:.. except one. nn ~~ t o r~ con ul t a nt~ th 111 k ta nk ~., . one or the nat iona I ncv\ "' p a p e r~ ~o u rce d loca l re<; idcnh ( ce Table 6 2). Although the Atncri can nat tonal ncv.\ ~ p a p e r"' and the Ne ws-Aflner tended to c1te di ffcrent sou rce , the out cc~ they d td not c tle were s1111dar: loca I re~ i d en t5 , tnunic1pa l Icadet"" organ 1/a t1on , I ndi gcnou"' le a d e r~.., group , and 131 tran ~po rta t ion 1n fra tn1cture offic 1 a l ~ The (//ohe and \fall dtd not ctte the pcr~pcc t1 vec;; of fcdcJal poltt1c1an. loca l re tdent . and Ind1 ge n ou~ leader group, \\hJi c th e ,Vallonal Post dtd not cttc pc r~pec tt\ c fron1 acadcn1 1 c~. loca l 1c~ 1dcn t, and n1 ctnber<., of co n1anagctnent board ~ . A~ men t1oncd, ,YelL\ , orth d 1d not c 1te in vec;; torc;; /consultants/th 1nk tanks, and rarely cIted ~tate tern tor ial deparin1cl1 t<., 0 1 tra n ~po rla ltont111 rra~truc t urc 0 ffi cJa I ~ Th e hnfl 'lA fJnon d1d not ct te per~pec tl\ c<., fron1 Ill \ e~ to r" con~u lt antc;.. th1nk tank . or academic~. fcclcJal poltt1 c1an~. or ei1\ I1 on n1ental group~ r 1nd mg 1n~tance \\here one ne\\ ~r><.1 p e 1 '" n1o~t c 1ted ~ou 1 cc n1atche~ anothc1 n e\\~pa p e r ·~ lctlc;..t c1tcd 111\ e~ t or~ con~ultan t ~ outce 1 ~ c1l~o \aluable {~ee Table 6 2) T ht ~ occ ur~ \\Jth think tank". \\ l11 ch the Va(lona/ Po\! CJted 25 percent of th e t11n e, \\ hc1eas the lnii\ 'IA Drun1 and \e\\' \orth ciJ(J not c1te at all. ,\ 'ew\·;North and th e !nu1 ·tA [)non re ferenced 1nuntc1pal leader-... organ11at1on~ 18 and 31 percent of the time t e~pcct J ve l y, ye t the \eH , _\ finer and the n1cncdn nattonalne\\ ~paper d1d not c1lc thcn1 \eu' \orth Cited IndJ genou-... leader~ group-... 19 peJcent or the tllne, but netther the \ell\ \liner, nor The G!ohe and \fail. nor the An1encan nat1onal ne\\ "paper". CJted then1 ~I he Veu' 1\l!ner quoted • rno!:-ltIy fed era 1 po li t1c tan (22 percent o I the tnnc ), hut the lnu\'d Dn11n and Th e G /ohe and Afail did not. Th e Globe and Afoi! cited fede ral departn1ent /i nst1tution~ 17 percent of the tin1C. Perhap ~ thi c;how that The G!ohe and \fail prefer to cek perl)pectJ\ C'. rron1 publiC en ant<:, rather than elected officwl . Co rn er~e l y, \'eH s ,Vorth quoted ternto rial polttlcranc;.. 18 percent of the t1n1c but dtd not ctte any territotwl departn1ent . Finally. not all ncw~paper cr ted sin1Jiar ~o urcc to the an1e ex tent While al l nat ional newspapers cited od and gas co n1panr es as the1r most con1n1on ources, the Ame n ca n 132 nati onal n \\ ~pape r~ referenced oi I and ga~ co rnpant e~ n1ore often (36 percent) than the Vat1onal Po\ / (30 percent) and The Globe and 'fad (24 percent). When exa mintng who1n the nattonal ne\\ ~paper~ ctted 1110 t often arter oil and ga~ co n1pan1e. , the An1encan newspaper~)' second 111 0~ t-c Jted ~ource \\'e re en\ tr onnlcnta I group~, at 25 percen l () r th e t iIll C. ) ll lola I, env 11 onn1 enta l group and otl and ga\ compant e\ rna de up 6 1 percent or th e11 ~o u rccs The \ 'at1onal Po' t' \ \eco nd 1110 t-c tted \O urce\ \\ere t 11\ e tors con u Itants th mk tank ~. at 2 S perce nt. \ddm g tht to the perce ntage O( Oil and ga~ C0111pant e e quat e~ to a total or '54 percent or the \allonal Po\(\ ~ource\ \Iter oil an d gas C0111pJ nt e,, The G'lobe and 'fad ctted ledet a I departtncnh 17 pet ce nt of th e tune. tot a I ing 41 percent of 1t ~ ~ou rce~ Wh ereas rcpre,c ntatt\ e\ or od co n1pan te'-t con'-tt tluted th e mo'-.t con1n1on 'e 'l.pcrt~' accordmg to nat tona I ne\\ '-.paper\, that the tn ettcan nalt ona l nC\\ ~paper h tgh I ighted cnvtron mental gro up ~ a~ the11 ne'\ t 1110 t con1n1on \OU tce pomh tO\\ards a very dJfTerent ttnage of r e~ou rce de\ c lopn1en t 111 the Beaufort ea regio n than the \altona/ Post, \\ h tch ctted tn\ e~ t or~o, co n '-tultant~ think tank c.1~o, the u· ne\.t n1o~o,t eon1n1on ~ou rcc<), or 7he Globe and \fat!, \\ h1 ch ctted federa l dcpartn1cnt Connecltng Stgntfier\' to KnoH ·Iec~r!;e Source\· In thi s <)CctJon, I link together the nC\\ ~ papers' tgn ifier tor resource de\ clopn1cnt \\ tth the ource they cited. Doc", the tnformatton anti oprnious offered by the'-te 'ex pert · affec t ho\v n e\v~papc r portray re~ourcc de\ elop rn cnt'J The rno t obv r ou~ finding :~o, that the An1 cn ca n nati onal ne\\ paper~' ~o urccs con nect 'cry ~ trongl y to the \\ ays 111 \\ hich they u cd th e signifi er . Then two n1o:: , t often c1tcd so urce~.~, oi l and ga con1panres and ern tronn1cntal groups, rein force th e d ichoton1y bet ween envrronn1 enta I groups and industry ~.~u pp orter~. 133 e~pcc tally ~ 1n ce a cu rnuJatt\ e 61 percent of al l then \Ourcc arc ctthcr otl con1pan1cs or Cll\ trOlll11Cnta l group . Tht relnfotccc;, the llC\\ \paper , stnct ~eparatton or the " Pt otcc t De\ clop" c;, tgntfier. uggc~ tmg to reader. that they ca n choo\c et thct dev clopn1cnt or protec t lOll 0 r the en\ tronm cn l, but not both . AcCOI d 111g to the north ern JOUrna lr s t~, thIS IS a 11 C'\a111p Je () f cxaggera ltOJl Dep1ctrng .\la ka a'-, \\lid and uninhahtted, a<., "The La~t Frontter," al"n connect\ to th e 111CJtca n nat ional nC\\ ~paper~' ~ou r ce\ becau\e th ey do not ource any Inca 1 1e~tden t~. n1un1 C 1pa llc ade l ~ organ tzat ton". or Jnd1 gc n ou~ lcade 1 ~ group" AccoJdtng to The VeH York T11ne\ and ThC! 11"a f\/ungton Po\t, c'\pc rt ~ on rc~o w cc developtnent tn the Bca urort . ea do not nccc \a ni; lun c to It\ e tn the nort h fh c \a Ilona/ Pn' ( ~ mo~t pr C\ alent \OU 1cc~ arc 111\ e<.,tor~ con\ ultan t\ th 111 k tan kc;, and otl and ga~ con1 pan1e". n1akmg it Ull\UI p1 1 ~111g that the art1clc appear 111 the F111ancral Po<., t cctton and relate ptedon11nantly to in\e\tnlcnt Jndu ~t ry ac ttn g cau tt ou ("Ob\olete") and th e rcgton bc111g npe for 111\e ttncnt (.. Th1I\ tng") relate dtrcctly to kno'Wiedgc~ pertaining to otl co n1pan tC', and 111\ e~tor t co n ~ulta nt th 111k ta nk ~. In terestJngl y, although the Naflonal P(H/ hi ghli ghts a need for oil ptll pre parcd n c<.,~, the newspaper o urcc~ envi ronn1ental grou p ~ only twt cc. According to the National P(H/, rndu\try and go\c rnn1cnt arc the n1a111 cntit1cs prcpanng for ot l c;;;plllt.,. The Globe and 1-vfa!l c1tc~ rnostly oi l and ga~ con1panie~ and federal departn1cnt , but not by wide n1arg1 ns co tnpared with th e other nati onal new paper. correspond less overtl y to the A~ ~ u c h , 1h \Ourcc~ i gnifi c r~, although referencin g the federal govcrn1nent and otl 134 and ga~ c on1panr e~ rc rnfo rcc ~ rny connec tron of th e "Ob ~olet e" ~ 1 gndier to the lengthy regulatory procc~s. AL o, be c au ~e The G l obe and Alai/ ctted fe\v n1untcipal lead e r~ o rganuatt o n~. local rc ~tdent . or Indt ge n o u~ leader g ro up ~. tt 1 not ~urpn mg that the 11 C\\ spape1 t e nd~ to portra y the regron a~o, "The ast f rontr et.,, rhc F all honk\ Dailr \ 'elU- \ flllC!J I.,O LJrce~ Jl<., edt tor and Ala ~ ka politi C ian ~ or dcparttncnt 72 pctcc nt of th e titnc, o the 11nage oJ dt ~., tru ~ t for ' out ~ 1d e r ' tn \ tttutt o n ~ , ~., und el \ tandablc beca use 1110\ t o l the pet <., pcc tt\ e UC ll\ e rron1 \\ llhlll th e ~ t a t e Such dt s tru ~ t for o ut ~ td c r app cc.u " contradr ctory gl\ en that the \'eH' 'finer d oc~ not cttc an y muntctpal leader" organt /a tJ On\, re tdenh, or Ind1 ge nou" Icadet"' group" But i I Ala5kan" have a ve ry trong \ tate\\ 1dc H.lentrty th at tetnl orcc"' ··r nea l tgnlfi ca ncc." tncorporatlllg tnunt ctpal or Indt gc nou" pcr\ pcclt\ C n1r ght be lc <., pr c~~ tn g. j J\ en that the ncv.<.,paper lmk ~ " Protec t De\ clop" lc"'" 1t1 tcnn \ of a <., tn ct <.,c paratt on or co ncept" like the An1cr rca n national ne\\ ~ pa p cL and n1orc tn the co nte ·d of ~cc ktn g balance. 1t 1 under\ tandab le that th e 1VC!H , _ .\finer doc not ctte oil and ga~ con1pan1 e" or en\ tronrncntal group<., very oft en. only three titnes and t\\ tcc, re"pee tt\ ely A~ n1cnttoncd b; the Alas kan JOurn alist<.,, A l a~ k a n ~ feel the in1pact of protecti on and dcvelopn1cnt n1orc direc tl y th an env 1ronrn cntal g ro up~, oil cornpant c , and go\ cn1rnent offi ctal ba~ed 111 outhcrn cttt c . Nel \ ' ~ JVorrh depicts the Beau fo rt 'ca rcgton a partt c1pattng 111 a tern ton al-\\ tdc 1u"h for resources ("Thri ving"), and indeed, iL tno t cited ~o urc.c ~ ate tc11 ttori al poltttcians. A~., with th e Nafl onal Po\f, \'ewL' \'orth al o d1 ~c u s e otl ~.o,ptll ~. but fr on1 the\ Ie\\pOtnt of "Local Signifi cance" and " Protec t/Develop." In tead of cttin g industry, NeH'\ North cttc" 135 tnany local . ource~ ltke nnm ictpal Icadet ~o., orga nt /at t o n~o., and Incll genous l ead e r~ group ~. Rega rdm g the .. Protect 'De\elop" ~ t gntlier. ~ve~1' orth fran1e~ the co n ce pt~ as working in balance, stn1tlar to th e \'('W\ \liner. \'eH' ,\'orth cttes otl and gas eo mpante ~ only three tin1 es and en' 1ronn1cn ta I gt oup only f out ltnl c~. crea tm g l e~~o., or a d tc hoton1y than the A nlcJJ ca n nattonal ne\\ ~ pc.tpe r~ r 111a ll y. th e Inti\ 'lA f), 11111 co nncch 1c~ot11 ce de\ c Iop rn cnt to local p c r~o., pec ti vc~ and anttctpatton ftH th e r ukto}aktuk ht gh,\a) th tough the u~c of the " I oca l Stgntficance," "Thn\ 111 g," and .. Oh~olctc" ~ t gnJfi c r~ Tht ~ cctt ai nl y link~ to tts t\\O m o~t con1m on k110\\ ledge ~o ut cc~. nHIIllll p,ll lcc.1dct ~ ot g,1n tla tio th c.lnd Indt gcnou~ lcadet ~ gt ou p~o., B ecau~o.,c 1t c ldon1 refet c n ce~o., tern to11al dq1c.11 ttncn ts and poI itic ian~. otl c.tnd gtt ~ LOnl pdn te~. c.1nd in\·e t o r~ co n~ultant thtnk tank". tht ~ n1ight c'\platn \vhy the lnu' 1A /), um doc~ not create a ~ tro n g ~o.,c n cor the orlh\\ e~ l Tcrntone~ undergoing a IC'-IOU ICe boom Anothct explanation could be that rc~ td e n t~ of the Beau Iort-De Ita \\a 1ted fo r fo rty yea t ~ for etther the Mac ken/t c Valley Pt pellnc or o fl\ hore drilling to con1n1encc, to no c.1 vai I, ~o.,o they at c O\ c1~a turatcd W J th the concept or a rc ourcc boon1 Evidentl y' the type. 0 r 'expert , quoted by JlC\\ ~o.,pape r~o., re 111 force how they under land and pre cnt re ource developn1ent. Wtth Jnfinttc pos tbiltties for tgnificr<; of re. ourcc developn1ent, the challenge bccotne decodtng the n1 o~t po\verfuL or n1o~ t prevalent igntfier . llaraway de cribes thi challenge a tHl\ 1gating the relation~htp bet\\ ee n "con1n1unicattons engtneenng (for th e n1 a n agcr~o.,) [a nd ] theonc':l of the text (for tho~o.,c \\ ho would resist)" (Haraway, 2010 : 2204) . Pov.c rful signifi er5 like "The l a~o.,t Frontter" or 136 "Thn\ 1ng" 1e~onate \vlth national aud 1 ence~ b ecau ~e th ey hare co n1n1on ep1 ~ ten1 o l og1 e~ n1o ~ t Cana clt an ~ \\ Ould not feel challenged by th e not1 on of ''The La ~ t Frontt ct" bcc au ~e they nc\ e1 '1 ~ 1t c d the north and 1t feels d1 ~ tant . 11ntlarly, n1any boon11n g reg ton ltkc th e anadmn, enJOY wea lth . A o rtlnv c~ t Tern toti es 1natchcs their a piration ~ for a wealthy Canada. A ~ ~ u c h , th ey n1t ght accept th e~c ~ 1 g ntfi c 1 ~ \i\ tth out tnu ch a s~c~s tn c nt , w1 th out rcal 1/1n g n1or c tnt e rpre ta t1 o n ~ e xr ~ t I he cha ll enge. th en. 1 to co n ~ rd e t hO\\ ~ t g ndi c r~ ~ hap c our O\\ n \ tc\\ po 111t ~. ' ' h1 ch o n e~ tend to fit \\ 1th in our O\\ n c pr ~ t e m o l og 1 e~. and \\ hr ch o n e~ \\ c ca n lctl rn rrorn \\ ho be n efi t~ rr 0 111 ~ l g n tlicr~ It kc "The l a~ t Fronltct" and "Thll \I ng '"? Wh o be n e fi t ~ fron1 1gn1fier l1ke " [ oca l." " Pt olec t De\ clop." or " Ob ~o l c te"') Power and E1nplla\i.\ B a rth c~ \\rt le~. "i n the n1ul t1pl1c1t) o J \\ nt1n g, C\erythtn g 1 ~ to be dt\entongled, noth 1ng dc_ c iphc. retr (Bart h e~. l 9XX l4 7) Rettera ting fron1 prcv i o u ~ c ha ptet ~. th ~ ~ rc~ea rc h a nned not to detcrn11ne \\ h 1ch ne\\ "Pdpcr~ prO\ tdc the ·true t' or · bc~ t ' nC\\ ~. hut rath er, to ~ h O\\ that \a n alton bcl\\'Ccn ne\\ ~ pa p e r ~' co\ cragc ca n al"o lead to \ att att on 1n how rea d e r~ • understand re ourcc dcvc lopn1cnttn th e Bea ufo rt ca rcgton. cw~ p a p c rs wtth n1 orc rcadcrsh1p carry rnore powe r to c:; hapc p c r~ p cc tt ves beca u e their ' tntth. ' arc n1orc prevalent. ot only do national n1edi a have readers all over th e country. but the1r offi ce~ arc located qu ite fa r fron1 the Beaufort Sea region Thu , the n c\v~ p apcrs \i\ lth the n1o~ t po\i\cr to ~ h apc per peel! \ cc:, arc 1tuatcd farth c~ t a\vay lron1 the 1 ~s u c. \\ hi ch co ntr ib ute~ to a p O\\ cr in1balance beca use n1aller ncwc:;papcrc:; <, ttuatcd 111 or ncar the Bea ufort .. ea do not ha\ e a~ much 1n f1 uence. 137 T he JOlll n alt ~t I tnt en tC\\ Cd 1n th 1"' re~ea rc h e'\pla1ncd that nat tonal ne\\ ~pape r~ oft en fi t loca I 1~"ue~ II kc rc ourcc de\ cloptn ent in to na tronal th cn1c Read tng north ern newspaper~;) '' ould t h u~ prO\ 1dc dtffcrent 't e\\ potnh, like hO\\ re~ourcc de\ cloprnent affec t~ local con1n1untt1 es In her c.. ay descnbtn g rn canm g co n truct1 on tn th e Jn fo rn1at1 on age and ad\ocatt ng fo r cyborg polrll c~ a~ an anttd ote to totalt11ng and hotnogcnl/tn g, I Iaraway \\ n tc(\. "c} borg pol 1tt c J(\ the ~ t ru gu l e lor language ct nd trugg le aga 1 n ~ t perfec t con1 n1u nicat ion. aga 111 \ t the one code that trtHl\ lct te~ <.1 ll n1 ca n1ng perfec t I}" ( ll a1a\\ ay. 20 10: 22 16) In th e co nte'\l or th e llledr,l. a j)O\\ er rul lle\\ \ papct I ~ one that 0 \ C f\\ h e l n1 ~ r e ad e r~' a bllrt 1 e~ to co n\C tOU\ I) tnterpret an '"'"'ue heca u"'e reader" arc onl y expo(\ed to cc t tatn tntcrp rctat ton"' f o enable reader"' to recognt ;e IHl\\ nat tonal n evvs pap c r~ ~ h ap c ther1 own percept lOll \, they ca n read le"~ pr C\ a Ient i11 te rprc t a t1 o n ~ ( 1.e local intcrprcta lJOn ~ ) It kc the \'eH'\- \finer. the !Jnn tf.. Dnon . and Vf! \\' \or/h. fll Add tng anoth er Ia; cr of com plc'\ ity. po\\ cr J} n a mt c~ ex1 l not onl y among ne\\ ~ pap e r" 1n the contc\.l of rcaJ et \h 1p bu t a I\O 1ega rd tng hO\\ they portray 1~"' u c~ l1k e rec;ourcc de\ clopn1ent For e'\atnp le, \\ ho do ll C\\ " pa pe r~ choot.,e to (\ hO\\ ca~e a~ th e d ec l ~ J o n • n1akcrs? The Glohe and .\fen/' e mpha~ t \ on th e Beau fo rt ea reg1on findin g new roles to su1t today' cconotni c n1arkct. the le ngthy regul atory proccs . . and a sense of th e north as wild, co up led along ide it n1ain ourcc~ of e'\ pc rt1 ~c (o il co n1pant c and fc ucral departn1 cnh), tnay mflu cncc it reader hip tnto thmkmg that the north doc not dcc1de for thclf RcaJ cr of The Globe and .\fat! n1 ay have the 1111pre"'"''on that fC\\ peopl e hvc tn th e Bea ufort ca region, iL largcc;t htndrancc for de\ clopmc nt '"' the federal regul atory pr occ'-1~, and th o'-le 61 NorthCIIl New~ Scn Jces Ltd ro~ t ... P Dr~ of Jh JlC:\\...,pi:tpC:r... e.H.:h \\eek on Jt \ \\C:b\J( C:, .1'> \\L'II a ... pubiJ-.he ... onlme content (htln.J/v. \\\\ .1111 "' 1 com 1ndex php) l · a11 honk\ /Jwlr Ne11 , _ \ ftn n rcqu JIL'\ .m l sub...,<.: Jl pllon to view 1ts newspaper d1 gitally and the pape1 al...,o pubiJ...,he..., onlme content on 1b \\C:h\l le (http //ww w newsm mer com/ ). 138 tn o~t tnt c t c~tcd 111 the north arc ~outhcrn ba\cd otl con1panic .. The new papc t 1111plte\ that ~outhet n Canada hould dcctde fot the Beaufort . _ ea tcgton . The ,V atlollal Po.\ I relay~ a \t nllla t n1e\~agc the orthv.. c~t Tcr ntortc~ ~~ rtpe for 1nve tn1cnt, tndustry acts ca ut1 ously, and 111 tern at ton a I orga n1zation. ~ hcnv conce1n ror oil sptl L . W 1th oi 1compa nt es and Ill\ e~tmcnt anal y~ t '\ n1akm g up thetr mo. t quoted e'.traclton, \C tcnce, loca l knO\\ ledge. or tnt ~ t 111 go\ernn1ent. Van a tt o n ~ tn clesc rtbtn g resource de\ cloptncnt 111 th e Bea uf ort C)cd lccl ~ ubtl c . but th etr e ffec t ~ can be ve ry povv crful. Con <;c t o u ~ l } or unco n...,c tou l)' . the wo rd ~ lOUt n a lt ~ h u<;e and the e\.pcrh th ey ctte ~e t th e - . ., tage for hO\\ re~..H.k r'-1 attnbute n1eaninl!. '-' Mote Cc1nadtan read The (,/ohe and \fad or th e Yat1onal Po\ / than VeH' Vorth or th e lnu\ lA /)non Ltke\\ i ~ c. rnorc An1 en ca n.. , tead The .Vel\' Yor!t T /117 C!\ or 7he 11'cl\lllngton Post than th e Fcnrhank,· Da1~r VeH \ - \flnur B eca u ~c ofth1 in1balancc 111 read e r~ hip , Canadtans and Atncn can arc likely to perce tvc resourc e devclopn1ent tn the Beaufo rt .. ca a~ an in1portant i ~~ u e for the federal go \ ctmn ent and fo r tndu try rath er than an t<;\ue that n1can tngfull y a ffcc t n orth ern e r~ E \.pcc ttng reader', to read C\ cry ne\\ ~ p a pe r acr o~~ orth An1cn ca 111 order to balance thctr pe r~ pec tt\ e~ t ~ tnlprac ttcal. but rea d e r~ can n o n e th c l c~ think crilt call y about the nc\v<;paper they do read. I Iarav..-ay contend ~ th at rea de r~ ca n "en1bra cc th e status of a partial ex planation" (20 I 0: 2201 ) and try to detennme \\hat assun1ptions underli e the newspapers' cptstcrnologtes. 141 Co ne lu ~ 1011 In late eptetnber of 2014, CBC orth reported that national nC\\~paper~ l1kc The Glohe and \fall and the Vat1onol Po' t \~ou l d no longer be old 111 Yell ovv kndc Acco1d1n g to th e ne\\ ~ re l ea~e, .. th e few to res that ~ t ill sh1pped papers to the north stopped caiiJ cr th1 s rn onth , blan11ng lack of detnand and tncreascd rretght cost " (CBC New() North,, cpten1bcr 2 1. 2014) The art1cle h1 ghl1 ght~ Ycllo\\kntfc re~ 1dcnt tv1ari e dan1~' dt ~ appo1ntn1en t : ..she ~ tar e~ at ~c r ee n ~ all \\Cck. and ''til 1111 ~~ catchmg up \\Jth an ac tual ne\\ ()papc1" (CBC ew~ orth . eptern bet 2 I. 20 14) \It hough the tangrblc Iorn1at of nat ronal ne\\ ~ pape r~ 1() no longe .... r a\ atlahlc. Y c ll o\\ knrfe r~ ca n ~tt l I ~ uh ~c nbe online The P c~: Rc(.,ea rch Centr e'(., .)'tate of the \'eH' \letl!a (20 11) e"pla1n(., h O\\ on llllc I ecHJ c r ~ hlp conttnucs to grow, ~o 11 ca n he argued that 1ea d c r~ \\ d I JU t hn' c to ada pt. To look deeper, th ough, the arti e le po111 t~ out that \\ h rtehor ~c c.l nd Iqalu1 t cont rnuc to ~e II nat1ona I ne\\ ~ r a p e r (CBC orth, Scptern ber 2 L 20 14). n1akmg Yello,,knllc the only Cc.lpital crty in th e country unabl e to (.,e ll hardcopy nat1 onal nc\\ ~ pel p e t ~ In th1 l1ght. dlLe~~ to hardLopy cd tti on<:) of natr ona! nC\V(., paper(., repre(.,enh n1ore th an JUSt a con1 fortab lc haht t, it bu dd(., and ret nforce() what rt rnca n(., to be Canad ian. For a cap1tal ctty like Ycll o\\ knife to no longer ell nat1ona l n cw~ pap e rs m paper forn1at n1 can5 that it re 1dent \\ ho prefer hardcopy new. papers n ~ k losin g out on an option which ~ ould other\\ 1 e expo e thern to national reprcc;c ntati on<;. The goa l of thts thc~1 \\a~ to c-.. plorc th e \vay m \\hich new p ap e r~ repre(.,ent a ingle 1 uc, re5ourcc develop rnent in the Bea ufort ca rcgton, u tng a cultural ~ tudr e~ approach . The fou r n1ai n re5carch quc.~t 1 on~ were· 1) How do ne\V, pap e r~ 1t1 Canada and the United States present resource devcloprnent'> 2) Jlow do ' not thern ' anJ ·'-Iouth ern , 142 ne\\ ~ pap e r~ prc()cnt rc ourcc de\ clopn1cnt? 1) \ hat arc th e \ an at1 on and vv hat arc the 11nilantJc~ bet\\ Cc n 11C\\ paper CO \ Cragc'> 4) What role~ rn1ght nC\\~pape r~ play 111 ~haptng percepti On\ of the Beaufort ea region, or do they play a role at all ? To ~ tud y 1eprc. ental ton. of re()ource de\ elop tncnt tn newspapers, I dr cw on Barthes, ( 19XX) and I lara\.\ ay's (2000: 20 I 0) co ncepts of 111finllc ignlfiers, 111terte tualtty, n1ult1pl c knO\\ l edge~. ~ub\ e r~ 1 on . and hege mony hZ fheu theon c~ (,j haped th 1 re5ca rch in th e ~c n ~c that. Jn ~ tcad o rtt ca ting n e\\ ~ J1dpc r~ a\ l11C ~~tl gc~ ~e ntltn ea rJ y to a udt c n ce~. JOU rn aJJ~ l () \\.Cfe lrca leu d~ Jncd i(.l tor . or reader~. () r an e\ en t ( B arthe~. I 9XH. Boyko fl 2007. r lll'\ tCh. 2002 ). \\ ho cn n1nHIIlt Cate th e1 r under~tandtng~ through the1r O\\ n cp 1 ten1 olog1ca l l e n ~c~ In oth er \\'Ord~. all ne\\. \ drd\\ on a con1plc\. net\\ ork o f \OC ial , cultural. po!Jtlca l. an d eco non11 c tnflu c n ce~. lea\ tn g text~ ope n to multtp k 1nterprctat1on . Furthern1 ore, 1fno \ tnglc •truth ' C\.1 \h. then 0 ncn tttnc~ th e 11Hht PO\\ er rul 0 1 pre\ a lent . truth . t e nd ~ to Oll t\\. elgh oth er lru th~ . (Jt\Cll the mtcrdt~ctpltndr) nature o ftht ~ re~earch . n1cthod~ ltke qua li tatJ\e dJ ~co urC)e ana I; \C.., and "'cn11-\tructurcd 1n ten te\\ "'· co n1 btncd \\ 1th a cuitura I ~t ud tc~ co nceptua I len~ . pro\ td e an1 pk ~pace for fl c\. tbtllty and tnterpretalton. A a re~ult, tht~ re~ea rc h exa rnmed e1ght n C\\ ~ p ape r fo r the ubtle way~ 1t1 \\ ht ch they depic t rc ourcc de\ elop ment 111 th e Bea u fo rt ca rcgton, u ing Ja me Gee,\ /1n lntroduc/1on to D1 W 'Olll·.se A nalrsi.s · Theon · and Afethod (2005) to fran1c the coding proce~c;, Fo r th e sctni - tructurcd mtcrvJc\v~. I tnten IC\\ed ~ I XJOUrnaii~ts \\ho \\Orkin the nort h to learn n1ore about northernJournalt~ rn a\ \\ell a lea rn \\ hcth er northern journ ahc;;t pcrcel\ e dlfTercncc or in1ilantie portray re()ou rce developn1cnt. (,.., Sec Chaplcr One · Key Concepts' for tlc..,c rr pll on.., of thc..,e term.., 111 hO\\ to nC\\ \paper\ 143 (), etalL \\h en a ktng hO\\ north ern and ~outh crn, a \Veil a. Ca nad tan and An1cn can ll C\\ ~papct" portray re earch de\ clopn1ent 111 the Beaufort ea reg ton. I dt ~ce rn ed fj, e ~ t gntriet ~ that the ncv.. paper u~ed "Ob olc te," "Thnvtn g," " Protcct!Dcvc lop," "The Last Fronttct, 'and "'Local tgnifi cancc" Vv h e t ca~ every new. paper uc;cd n1ore than one stgndi er, llC\\ "paper" al\o ap pli ed' arytng n1eanin gc;; to th e ~ t gnt fi crc;;. For exa mpl e, tnan y n cw~ pap e rs de~c rtbed "Thtl\ tng" ddTercntl\, , 61 '' ht ch potnt" t(n\ ard~ ddTerent cpt \ tctn olog1ca l a\\ Utnplt on" \nothcr \tnkmg C'\amplc ol 'Hf) 1ng a~\U 111ptt o n ~ relate~ to the " I ocal . _ tgn tli ca ncc" and "The l a t F ronltcr" "tgntficr" '!at ton a I nc\\ ~ r a p e t ~ tended to portray the Icg ton a" " The LJ~t f ron tt er."unpopulated and 1cady to be conq uered, wherea\ notth ern n e\\ ~ papc t \ cm ph a~ t zed O\c r and over ho\\ re\ource dc\ elopn1cnt 1s 1111portant to l oca l ~ and that p roJect~'' tll not pac; \\ tthout local app to\al. rhe~e va n at1o n ~ begtn to ~ h e d lt ght on the role" nc\\ "paper~ pia) tn ',hap1ng perccptton" of the regton To help C'\platn thc"c 'ary mg dcptcliOI1\. \\ e can look to the JOurn alt \h' 1ntcf\ te\vc;,. A II "l', JOU rna 11 "t Jgrccd that th ere Jt e d tlfcrc tH.. C\ tn hO\\ ' northern ' and ·\Out he1n' tncd ta portray rc\OUrce de\ clopn1ent. They ~ poke C]LiltC bitterly about ·~o uthern' t11Cdla, rru ~t l ated • by thetr tend c n c 1 c~ to exaggerate, ~c n\atlonalt/C, and intpo c outhern \ tew polntc;, on the north . The large di tancc eparat1 ng the ~ou th fron1 the north, outhe rn n1ed1a ·~c h alle n ges in cap turin g I ndtgcnou pcrspccti' e~. and nat ton a I n1ed ta' tendency to broaden 1~~uec;; 111 to nat tonal con text \verc rea on the JOUrnalt~h pro\ 1dcd to explain v. hy northern ne\\ ~paper~ n11ght portray re~o urcc de\ clopn1ent omc\\ hat dtfTcrcntly. (, , "Thrl\ mg" meant that there 1 ~ a rc~ource boom 111 the reg1on ( \eH' "\urth}, thnt the n:g10n 1.., rl! Arc JOUrnalt~t~ \Vorktng tn the ~ou th a\vJ re of the dt'-.tnt-.,t theJJ northern c.o ll cague~ feel towa rd ~ th ern ? Do th ey have Another area de ef\·ing fu ture ref.,ea rch ~ ~a qu antttative tudy cxa n1tnm g how ncv.·. paper. change over tin1c tn their dcpt ct tons of rc ourcc developtnent. For exatnpl e, ne\\ arttcle publi bed fron1 19 9 to the present can be included to detern1tnc v., hct her ne\\ ~ pap e r~ tn A l a~ka. the orthv. c t Terri ton e'-., ou thern Canada, and contmental Umted tate" co\ cr ~ 1n1tl a r topic and \\ hcther the CO\ crage tay con 1 tent O\ cr tim e Con1pa ring th e rc<:, ult~ of a quantitati\e tudy with the rc~ult~ ofthi tnorc areas for future research. ~ tud y \VOuld ltkel:J '-~ P tl\\ 11 tnany 148 1 o \\ 1dcn the cope e\ en furth er. a re~eat ch proJec t could tudy how nc'v\ ~paper aero"~ al l c1ght Arcttc countn e~ (Ru ~ 1a , Canada. n1ted '" tate . Dentnark,, 'v\ edcn , F1nland, on\ ay, and Iceland ) portray re~out cc de' eloptnent m the Arct1 c. , uch a proJ ect cntatl ~ proli c1ency 111 1nany language , or coll a bot at1on \\' Jth nn lltiple re carc her~/acadcn11c Jn stJtutJon , but 1t \vOuld cover a large reg1on and ha ve releva nce ac ross the Arct1c. J\~ ''ell. th1" "tudy onl y e'-.a tnmed p11nt ne\\"paper . Includmg different type~ of Jn edJtt 11;., \aluable bccau c 1t '' Ill ~hO\\ ''hether e tnpha \t~ c h a n ge~ For c'-.a n1pl e. a \ tudy cou ld con1pc11e on line ne''" out lch. \OC tal n1ed td It ke Y ouTubc and race book. and broadca~t n1 edw Per hap' there J\ t.l dd terence bet'' ecn \Octa l med1a, broadca\t n1cdt a, and pnnt rnedia 111 relatio n to ctnpo\\ eJinc nt and \lib\ et \ Jon of eolonw! Jsn1, as th e l ttct aturc s u ggc\t ~ ( F va n\, 2002, II igg JJh r \It a, l 999. Roth, 200 '). ~ ac hO\\ ICh & Scobtc, 20 I0 ). A noth et adeli lion cou lei be to \tUd] hO\\ pop culture ( nlll\ tc. li IJn. poetry. Iict1on) ad dre~;.,"c" tC\OU rce de\ e lopn1en t in the north. \ "' n1cnt1oned tn pre' IOU\ cht.tptet "'· the \tudy that be t fits th1~ rc\ea rch '" theoretical a~~ utnptt on" ~~ to tnten IC\\ reader~ of ne\\ '-~J1ape t ~ to dctcrn1111c how they percctve n e'W~ a rt1 c l e~ d1~CU\~1ng re ourcc de\ clopn1ent tn the north . Not onl y \vou ld th1" take a more collabo rat ive approac h but it \vould dctnonstratc n1orc th orough ly that n1caning" arc plural. Fmally. \\berea thi tudy take~ a theoretical approach drav\Jng on Barthes ( 19R8) and I lara\\ ay (2000. 201 0). a unllar tudy cou ld apply a d 1ffc ren t conceptua I 1ran1C\\ ork, llkc po"tcolonwll 111 or 111 titut1onalt~n1 or U\e lnd1genou Inethodologte\ I an1 curiouc.., to ~cc how the find1ng v\ ould relate and 'ary and wha t 11151ght \vou ld an'c from a'-lkmg sitnilar quc~ttons acro~s tnultiplc di scip lin e~ . 149 S II Ill llllii:J' ~ ~cc n throughout tht ~ rc ca tch. nat1 onaL locaL anad1an, and Antc tt ca n nc\\ ~ papc 1 ~ take ' anou per pcct1\ c~ ''hen portra ytng rc. ource de' cloptncnt tn th e Bea ufort .. ca 1cgton. Althou gh none of the n ew~ pa pc r~ we re sub tantiall y dtffcrent f1on1 one anot her. eac h had ~ ubtlc 'anal! on. in cmp ha~ t~ fh c n1at n rea~o n for co nducttng uch a study was to detnon~tl(.llC that kno,,lcdge • ~ ~ ttuatJonal and that \anou~ rc g 1 on~ and th c1r llC\\ ~ pap c r~ carry dt fl ct ent tl '-I~ Utnptt o n " and cx pe 11 e n cc~ that ca n af lcc t hO\\ th ey under<, land an 1 <,~ u c ltke rc~o u1 ce de\ e lopn1ent 1n th e Beau fort ea 1egion. For exa mpl e. a re~ td en t o f roron to '' ho ha" ne\ e1 '1"1tcd th e nort h might fee l co nfu ~cd to 1cad th at the Jnup1at, th e Jnu 1aluit. and th e J\\lch ' ln at e unh app) \\ tth Circcnpcace fo t '-~ p cak m g on thclr behalfabout o rr~ hot c dn lllng (lnu \ tk Dn11n, f\1a) 2\. 20 ll, Re1""· 20 12) ·r hc1clore, th1" rc<,carch encourage<, reader() to d 1"cern the undcrl! mg d\\Utnpt 1 011'-~ or a nc\\" art1 c lc and hO\\ they relate to th c1r O\\ n und er\tand 1n g~ \!th ough it t" tn1po""1 blc to read e' cry new paper and ach 1e\ e a ' ha lanced' pcr"pcc lt\ c. 1cadcr" can noncthcle"" t1 y to recognuc thc1r O\\ n prcconccpt1oth and thmk about" by nC\\'-Ipa pcr n1ay or tnay not tc1nforcc thern . 150 Ref ct e nee ~ Ahott gllla I Ptpcltne 1roup 20 15 1hout I P(, http \\\\ \v m\ apg eo tn ahout-apg php (Decernber II , 20 15) A Ita . Valet 1a. I 999 . [ 'n Co' en ng 1he ~Vorth ,Vewv. Afeel! a. and A hongu1al People, eel Va len e A It a. Vancou\ er RC Pre-,~ lien. Del\ td 200 I "The Fi r~ t n1 endtn ent and th e Doctrin e of Corpora tc Pe t ~o~o n hood · Collap~o.,tng the Pret..t..-Co rpotatt on DJ ~ ttn c lt o n ".Journali\111 2 1 2')5-27X \luntk , I . Kolau-,ok. E, , 1o n t'-lon. D 2001 AcrrJ\\ Tune and Tundra {he fntll l(t/uil of' the 11 ·e, tun 1rc 11c Vancou' cr Rc.ll ncoa~t Book t.. Archct. I Ollt\C 2004 " Rc Thco ll / tn ...~ 'DJflc tence' 111 1-- cmJn Jt.. t Re~catch" In H'on1en'\ S'tudJe\ lnterna!Jonal Fo1ton 27 4 ')9 471 A ret tc C ou nc tl 20 I 5 The 1rc lie Counc II 1 Boc Agrounder. http \\\\ vv a ret tc council org11ndc' php en ahout u ~o., (December 16, 20 15). ~ h e ron. B . G nrlith ~o.,, 1 , Tiffin. I I 2007 Po\! Colonial Studte\ The Ker Cone ept,· New Yot k Routledge ... '-1'-IOCtat ton or Canadian 111\ Cr'-ltllC\ lo t "Jorthcrn tudtc~ 2001 Etlnc a/ Pr/11( tple\ for the (on duel of Rc \earc h 111 the \ ·orth . Ott a\\ a. 0 . C ~ . Barthe'-1, Roland . 1972 \f1thologte\. tran~.., Annette aver~ ---. 19XX !Jnage. \fu\lc. Te\1, tran C\\ tcphcn I Icat h. . C\V York • oonday Pre~~ York: oonday Pre~~ Baudnllard, Jean 1994. Snnulacra and .)'unulatJon. Ann Arbor, MI· U nt vcr~..,tty ofM1c ht gan Pre~~. Berge r, Thon1a'-, 1985. VIllage .Journer e\\t York : J fill and Wang . 1988 Vorthern Fronller .Vorthern llrHne/and The Report of' the \lac Aen::te l 'allel ' P1peltne lnquJn·. \ f ancou\ cr. BC Doug! a\ & Mcintyre "The 81tun1cn Bubble: What Doc That Mean?'' Dcccn1bcr I . 20 13. Edmonton Journal. hllp H \\ w edmonlOIJJOllrnal c 0111 lnt\111e\\ Bttzmu!n +Buhhle * IJ 'hat doe\ that-+-n1ea n 9306461 \IOJT htn71# _jederated I (March 3, 20 15). Boykoff, MaxwelL 2007. "Fron1 Convergence to Co ntent ion: Un ttcd tate~ f\1 a~s Mcdta Representati ons of Anthropoge ni c C lin1atc Change Science" Transact ton.' ofthe Jnsltlute of'British Geographer,· 12.4: 4 77-489 151 8} cr~. M tchac I. 2009. ~f'ho OH 11 ' the Arc t1c J [ nder\ tancling Doug Ia Me 1Ill} I c \ orth 1 oronto, 0 1·ere1gntr Dl\pute"' 111 the r Canadwn Br oadca ltng orporat1 on , cptcrnber 2 1, 20 14 .. attonal e\\ ~pape r~ o Longe r , old rn Y cli O\\ kntfc" http \\\\\\ cbc ca ne\\ canada north natr ona! ncw~pap crs­ no-longc r-<;o ld-tn-yc ll o\\ kn rl c- I 2 772403 ( pri I 24, 20 15). Chaffee . . , Frank, . 1996. " J I O\\ Arncncan\ Get Pol1tica l In fo rn1 allo n· Print Versus Broad ca~ t C\\ ." .1nnaf, of the lmencan . 1cademr of Political and 5)ocial Sc1ence 546 4X-5R CK l B Rad1 o 20 I 4. http ck lhr,J nrackmg State and Medta D I ~COLI I '-.C'-. on th e Arct1 c.'· Polar Geography 36 3 212-244 Worthington, aney. 20 10. "O f Co n ~ ptrac t c~ and Kanga~ \1ail & C1ua rdia n Onltne'" Con truction of the Jacob Zun1a Rape Tna l." .!ournah\ln II 5. 607-623 158 ppcndt x A The Fau-hank.\ [)cn[r \ e \\ ' \ liner Art t c l c~ 'ttclcs Rcfcrcnc111 g Resource De\ clopmcnt in Bcaufot t ~ ca The FwrhanA' l h u(\ \'eH' ~l111 e1 . 200R-20 11 ' ca r 200 X 200 9 201 0 201 I 201 ~"" 201 1 "') '\umber o f Publi~h e d .\r·ticle\ - .... ")"') I) 2X 62 ~ () 9 c;;\1\11 cc l \ F R .t ~ llHJ sscn I ibr,tn [) tt,tha-;c. 20 1._. 159 Appendtx B. lntcn 1ew Gut de l) \ hy do )'O U \\ Ork 111 J O ttrn a lt ~ nl '"> 2) Who do you fee l ~ ~)OUt p111nary audience'> 3) I low long ha\ e you\\ or ked 1n J O Urnali ~ m 111 the north ? I lave you noticed any changes 111 north ern tn ed ta'J 4 ) \Vha t do ) ou fee l 1~ th e 1e l,lt 1 o n ~ h 1p be t\\ een ne\\ ~ dnd ~oc ICt] 1n a north ern co ntext'> 5) Do you reel that the llledla pia) a role II) ~ h a ptng 110 1 th el n Identity'? In V\ hat way~? 6) Do you fe el th at north ern n1cc.ha hd\C ~o n1 c un1qu c charac tcll stics co mpa1cd w 1th n1 cd1 ,1 111 other rce....... 1 o n ~·J 7) \\h at k111d ~ O f kil O\\ led ge~ lllJluence the LO iltCnt of your \\ llllng'? ) D e~c nbc north ern rncd t a'~ tclatt on"h1p '' 1th na ti onalmcdw. 9) D c~c nbc ~o n1 c 1n1 d a Jitl e~ ,tnd d ifteJC IKC~ 111 the wa)~ 1"~uc~ '"c portrayed in the north con1pared \\ tlh n,1t1onal tn edt<.l. 10) In ]OUr \I C\v, \\h at arc "'o1nc o f th e '\ orth \\C"'t Tcrn tonc~· m o~ t1n1p o rta ntt ~" u c~'? llo\v do yo u thmk th c~c ~ ~~ u e.., becon1e 1rnporta nt'? JJo\v arc they a ddre~~c d '' 11 ) Do ) ou reel northern med ta and nattonal rncd ia take "'i tn ila1 or diffe rent pe r~ p ee tr' c~ \\ tth rega rd ~ to rc ource de\ elopn1ent 111 the north? \Vhy? 12) Do you fee l that rc ource de\ cloptncnt ~ ~ ltn k.ed to any oth er northern t"~ue~·) Why or why not? 13) Who Influenced you a a JOUnl al i t? 160 Appendix C: l t ~t of e-w . pape t At ticlc The? ew >'o1 /.. Tune' "ConoeoPhtlltp~ . u. pend Y). lt" ·\tett e Dnlhng Plan"" 20 13. Th e VeH }'or/.. Tnne., ( cw York. pnl ll , 84 '"l ntenor Dept. l· \.pcdttc Rc\ JC\\ or Tnn e' ( C\\ Y ork . 'Y ). \ I 2 rette Dt tllm g '"" Her Aectdent" " 20 13. The New Yorl\ '"O tl Rt g ground Off lc1 ka '" Dtttnagcd Hut ~ol I eak mg. Shell And Coa5.l Ciuatd Say" 20 11 . The Vew r(n/.. Tnne' ( 'c\\ Yotk . '\JY), Al2 " Profit. Dt\ C At I·\.xon ~1 ob tl \nd hell " 20 11 /he \ ew }or/\ J'nn e' ( O\ ctnhcr I . 82 C V\ York, Y), " Rt g Run" Aground In la"ka. Rc\ t\111 g Fctt t'-t \bout \t ctt c Dttlling." 20 13 The VeH York Tnne' ( ·c,, Y otk. Y ). .lanuan.., 2.AX " Runa\\3)- Otl Rt g Off Ala"ka l 'nd ct 'o ntlol. ~hell York. Y ).Januan I . \11 . av" .. 201 1 J'he VeH YorA. {nne\· (New .I ~ " hell Vc ~ cl" . tdclmcd. ltnpcn ling \relic Pl ans." 201 1 The IVC?H }nrf.. Tnne\ ( e\\ York. Y ), February 12, B I ''To Reunt go ratc Produc tt on. la"ka Grant ~ A rax Break To Otl Con1pant c ." 201 1 The! ,\'eH Yorf.. Tnne,· ( 'e\\ York . ~'{) , p11l 16. B1 "\Vith T\\O htp ~ Dan1agcd . .. hell u pend At clt c D1 Jlling.... ... 20 13 The 1Vew York Tune\ ( cw York, Y). February 2~L 82. The f1'a. l11ng ton PcHI "AI o In Bu ~ tn c~ ." 20 13. The JVa\/11ngton PrHt ( \\'a"htngton. DC). Augu"t 6. A9. "'AI o In Busin e . :· 20 13 . The 11/ashington PrH/ (Wa'-thtngton, DC), Novcrnbcr 7, Al2 '"Bu ine .. 0 ." 2013 . Th e Wa f)hinglon Post (Wa~h tn gton , DC), Augu~t 11, G2 1gn 0 f Fuc l pi 11 Aft c r ._ hc II R 1g Run" Into \ltt"kan horc "20 11 The JJ tl\hiiH!.fon . Po\·t (Wa ~ hin g to n, DC), January 2. A3. ""S hell uspcnds Exploratory Dri II ing 0 ff Coast 0 rAla~ka ." 20 11 The H'a,·hnlgton f>o,t (Washington, DC), February 2R. A II . 161 ", hell Wctgh~ , ccond Try (\Va .. h 111gton. DC). t Dt llltng Off Aln~ka Coa . t. " 20 11 The JVa'\hinf