PERSONAL ADORNMENT AND DEFORMATION. 83

on the Northern Pacific, replace them by ornaments made of the wool of the
mountain goat hanging from the lobe and the helix.

Glass beads were, of course, due to commerce with the white traders,
Russian, English or Canadian. Originally these were mostly of bone, of wood
or of copper, though the stone of a particular berry occasionaly served the
same purpose.

These beads are now of hollow silver and entirely home made among
the Navahoes, as are also the ear-rings of the men. Their married women
have also the ears pierced for similar ornaments, but they do not wear any.
According to A. M. Stephen, their unfaithfulness to their husbands being no-
torious, they used to be punished by having their ear pendants torn through
the lobes. Hence when a girl is married among them, she now takes these
out of her ears, and wears them hanging from her necklace’.

!
Hh

Hi hy
Mabie

fll

i]
1

1
Ay al
ui

Fig. 6.

Among the Hupas the ear ornaments took the shape of dentalium shells
adorned with tassels of woodpecker feathers for the men, and of round disks
or oblong pieces of abalone shells hanging by means of twine, for the
women 2,

The southern Déné tribes do not appear to have known of the nose-
ornament, which was so highly thought of in the north. Among the western
tribes this consisted very generally of two, three, or sometimes four dentalium
shells passing through the septum as indicated in fig. 6. The little tufts at
either end were made of the red down of the woodpecker (Ceophleus pileatus).
The extremities of the shells were sometimes in inverted positions. At times
also the Carriers adopted a still different style of nose ornament. They ran a
sort of wooden pin through the nasal partition, and fixed at both ends a
dentalium shell about an inch and a half long. In the east, away from the

1 «The Navajo”, Amer. Anthropologist, Oct. 1893, p. 356.
* “Life and Culture of the Hupa”, p. 20.