towers and also fastened by clamps into the saddles of
the pivoted-base intermediate towers (Fig. 6).

To fully understand the problems encountered with
track ropes, it is necessary to consider some of the
problems unique to Cassiar. There are currently no
Canadian standards applicable to industrial tramlines;
instead, the standard for passenger tramlines is used,
neglecting areas dealing specifically with passenger
service.

One of the areas covered by the above standard
(CSA Z98) calls for a rope safety factor of 3.3. How-
ever, the rope, being fixed at both ends, alters its ten-
sion with temperature. A 4000-ft (1219-m) long sec-
tion may change length by as much as 12 in. (30.5 em)
with a 28°C temperature change, a temperature
change which may be experienced within a 24-hour
period at Cassiar.

i ae Lt

FIGURE 6 —Tramcar anchor tower.

TABLE 3 — Track Cables Tonnage Report

Section 1

Loading Terminal to Tower Number 3
Bottom Right and Left
1st Cable 1-% in.

196,454 tons. Failure, broken wires
2nd Cable 1-% in.

413,764 tons. Failure, broken wires
3rd Cable 2 in.

710,218 tons. Failure, broken wires
2nd Cable 2-% in.

1,221,793 tons

Section 2

Tower Number 3 to Tower Number 8
Bottom Right and Left
Ist Cable 1-% in.

413,764 tons. Changed to larger cable.
2nd Cable 2 in.

1,344,217 tons
Top Right and Left
1st Cable 2 in.

1,931,557 tons

Section 3

Tower Number 8 to Tower Number 11
Bottom Right and Left
Ist Cable 1-% in.

1,401,355 tons. Failure, broken wires
2nd Cable 1-% in.

530, 602 tons
Top Right and Left
1st Cable 2 in.

1,931,957 tons

Section 4

Tower Number 11 to Tower Number 14
Bottom Right and Left
Ist Cable 1-5% in.

1,621,600 tons. Failure, broken wires
2nd Cable 2 in.

310,357 tons
Top Right and Left
lst Cable 2 in.

1,931,957 tons

Section 5

Tower Number 11 to Discharge Terminal
Bottom Right and Left
1st Cable 1-5 in.

1,180,000 tons. Failure, broken wires
2nd Cable 1-% in.

751,957 tons
Top Right and Left
Same as Section 4

FIGURE 7 — Approach of car to tower.

ashes